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*Read this in other languages: [English](manage-users.md), [简体中文](manage-users-zh.md).*
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By default, a single user account for VPN login is created. If you wish to view or manage users for the `IPsec/L2TP` and `IPsec/XAuth ("Cisco IPsec")` modes, read this document. For IKEv2, see [Manage client certificates](ikev2-howto.md#manage-client-certificates).
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By default, a single user account for VPN login is created. If you wish to view or manage users for the IPsec/L2TP and IPsec/XAuth ("Cisco IPsec") modes, read this document. For IKEv2, see [Manage client certificates](ikev2-howto.md#manage-client-certificates).
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- [View or update the IPsec PSK](#view-or-update-the-ipsec-psk)
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- [View VPN users](#view-vpn-users)
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## View VPN users
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By default, the VPN setup scripts will create the same VPN user for both `IPsec/L2TP` and `IPsec/XAuth ("Cisco IPsec")` modes.
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By default, the VPN setup scripts will create the same VPN user for both IPsec/L2TP and IPsec/XAuth ("Cisco IPsec") modes.
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For `IPsec/L2TP`, VPN users are specified in `/etc/ppp/chap-secrets`. The format of this file is:
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For IPsec/L2TP, VPN users are specified in `/etc/ppp/chap-secrets`. The format of this file is:
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```bash
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"username1" l2tpd "password1" *
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... ...
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```
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For `IPsec/XAuth ("Cisco IPsec")`, VPN users are specified in `/etc/ipsec.d/passwd`. Passwords in this file are salted and hashed. See [Manually manage VPN users](#manually-manage-vpn-users) for more details.
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For IPsec/XAuth ("Cisco IPsec"), VPN users are specified in `/etc/ipsec.d/passwd`. Passwords in this file are salted and hashed. See [Manually manage VPN users](#manually-manage-vpn-users) for more details.
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## Manage VPN users using helper scripts
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## Manually manage VPN users
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For `IPsec/L2TP`, VPN users are specified in `/etc/ppp/chap-secrets`. The format of this file is:
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For IPsec/L2TP, VPN users are specified in `/etc/ppp/chap-secrets`. The format of this file is:
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```bash
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"username1" l2tpd "password1" *
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You can add more users, use one line for each user. DO NOT use these special characters within values: `\ " '`
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For `IPsec/XAuth ("Cisco IPsec")`, VPN users are specified in `/etc/ipsec.d/passwd`. The format of this file is:
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For IPsec/XAuth ("Cisco IPsec"), VPN users are specified in `/etc/ipsec.d/passwd`. The format of this file is:
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```bash
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username1:password1hashed:xauth-psk
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