lib/stringsutil: optimize AppendLowercase

The optimization includes the following improvements:
- Implementation of a function that processes 8 bytes per loop iteration to locate ASCII characters using bitwise manipulations.
- Implementation of the ToLowercaseFunc function that prevents string copying if the string is already in lowercase.
- Use of a lookup table for converting ASCII characters to lowercase, with logic copied from the VictoriaLogs repository.

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ updates:
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "daily"
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 21
   - package-ecosystem: "gomod"
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
@@ -23,6 +25,8 @@ updates:
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "daily"
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 21
   - package-ecosystem: "npm"
     directory: "/app/vmui/packages/vmui"
     schedule:

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         scenario:
-          - 'test-full'
-          - 'test-full-386'
+          - 'test'
+          - 'test-386'
           - 'test-pure'
 
     steps:
@@ -88,11 +88,6 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run tests
         run: make ${{ matrix.scenario}}
 
-      - name: Publish coverage
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v6
-        with:
-          files: ./coverage.txt
-
   apptest:
     name: apptest
     runs-on: apptest

Makefile

@@ -457,6 +457,9 @@ test:
 test-race:
 	go test -tags 'synctest' -race ./lib/... ./app/...
 
+test-386:
+	GOARCH=386 go test -tags 'synctest' ./lib/... ./app/...
+
 test-pure:
 	CGO_ENABLED=0 go test -tags 'synctest' ./lib/... ./app/...
 
@@ -467,10 +470,10 @@ test-full-386:
 	GOARCH=386 go test -tags 'synctest' -coverprofile=coverage.txt -covermode=atomic ./lib/... ./app/...
 
 apptest:
-	$(MAKE) victoria-metrics vmagent vmalert vmauth vmctl vmbackup vmrestore
+	$(MAKE) victoria-metrics-race vmagent-race vmalert-race vmauth-race vmctl-race vmbackup-race vmrestore-race
 	go test ./apptest/... -skip="^Test(Cluster|Legacy).*"
 
-apptest-legacy: victoria-metrics vmbackup vmrestore
+apptest-legacy: victoria-metrics-race vmbackup-race vmrestore-race
 	OS=$$(uname | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'); \
 	ARCH=$$(uname -m | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' | sed 's/x86_64/amd64/'); \
 	VERSION=v1.132.0; \

README.md

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 [![Docker Pulls](https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/victoriametrics/victoria-metrics?label=&logo=docker&logoColor=white&labelColor=2496ED&color=2496ED&link=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.docker.com%2Fr%2Fvictoriametrics%2Fvictoria-metrics)](https://hub.docker.com/u/victoriametrics)
 [![Go Report](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics?link=https%3A%2F%2Fgoreportcard.com%2Freport%2Fgithub.com%2FVictoriaMetrics%2FVictoriaMetrics)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics)
 [![Build Status](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/actions/workflows/build.yml/badge.svg?branch=master&link=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FVictoriaMetrics%2FVictoriaMetrics%2Factions)](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/actions/workflows/build.yml)
-[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/branch/master/graph/badge.svg?link=https%3A%2F%2Fcodecov.io%2Fgh%2FVictoriaMetrics%2FVictoriaMetrics)](https://app.codecov.io/gh/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/github/license/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics?labelColor=green&label=&link=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FVictoriaMetrics%2FVictoriaMetrics%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2FLICENSE)](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/master/LICENSE)
 [![Join Slack](https://img.shields.io/badge/Join%20Slack-4A154B?logo=slack)](https://slack.victoriametrics.com)
 [![X](https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/VictoriaMetrics?style=flat&label=Follow&color=black&logo=x&labelColor=black&link=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FVictoriaMetrics)](https://x.com/VictoriaMetrics/)

app/vmagent/remotewrite/client.go

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
+	"github.com/golang/snappy"
+
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/awsapi"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/encoding"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/flagutil"
@@ -21,10 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/persistentqueue"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promauth"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/ratelimiter"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/timerpool"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/timeutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
-	"github.com/golang/snappy"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ func getAWSAPIConfig(argIdx int) (*awsapi.Config, error) {
 	accessKey := awsAccessKey.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
 	secretKey := awsSecretKey.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
 	service := awsService.GetOptionalArg(argIdx)
-	cfg, err := awsapi.NewConfig(ec2Endpoint, stsEndpoint, region, roleARN, accessKey, secretKey, service)
+	cfg, err := awsapi.NewConfig(ec2Endpoint, stsEndpoint, region, roleARN, accessKey, secretKey, service, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -405,8 +405,7 @@ func (c *client) newRequest(url string, body []byte) (*http.Request, error) {
 // Otherwise, it tries sending the block to remote storage indefinitely.
 func (c *client) sendBlockHTTP(block []byte) bool {
 	c.rl.Register(len(block))
-	maxRetryDuration := timeutil.AddJitterToDuration(c.retryMaxInterval)
-	retryDuration := timeutil.AddJitterToDuration(c.retryMinInterval)
+	bt := timeutil.NewBackoffTimer(c.retryMinInterval, c.retryMaxInterval)
 	retriesCount := 0
 
 again:
@@ -415,19 +414,10 @@ again:
 	c.requestDuration.UpdateDuration(startTime)
 	if err != nil {
 		c.errorsCount.Inc()
-		retryDuration *= 2
-		if retryDuration > maxRetryDuration {
-			retryDuration = maxRetryDuration
-		}
-		remoteWriteRetryLogger.Warnf("couldn't send a block with size %d bytes to %q: %s; re-sending the block in %.3f seconds",
-			len(block), c.sanitizedURL, err, retryDuration.Seconds())
-		t := timerpool.Get(retryDuration)
-		select {
-		case <-c.stopCh:
-			timerpool.Put(t)
+		remoteWriteRetryLogger.Warnf("couldn't send a block with size %d bytes to %q: %s; re-sending the block in %s",
+			len(block), c.sanitizedURL, err, bt.CurrentDelay())
+		if !bt.Wait(c.stopCh) {
 			return false
-		case <-t.C:
-			timerpool.Put(t)
 		}
 		c.retriesCount.Inc()
 		goto again
@@ -493,7 +483,10 @@ again:
 	// Unexpected status code returned
 	retriesCount++
 	retryAfterHeader := parseRetryAfterHeader(resp.Header.Get("Retry-After"))
-	retryDuration = getRetryDuration(retryAfterHeader, retryDuration, maxRetryDuration)
+	// retryAfterDuration has the highest priority duration
+	if retryAfterHeader > 0 {
+		bt.SetDelay(retryAfterHeader)
+	}
 
 	// Handle response
 	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
@@ -502,15 +495,10 @@ again:
 		logger.Errorf("cannot read response body from %q during retry #%d: %s", c.sanitizedURL, retriesCount, err)
 	} else {
 		logger.Errorf("unexpected status code received after sending a block with size %d bytes to %q during retry #%d: %d; response body=%q; "+
-			"re-sending the block in %.3f seconds", len(block), c.sanitizedURL, retriesCount, statusCode, body, retryDuration.Seconds())
+			"re-sending the block in %s", len(block), c.sanitizedURL, retriesCount, statusCode, body, bt.CurrentDelay())
 	}
-	t := timerpool.Get(retryDuration)
-	select {
-	case <-c.stopCh:
-		timerpool.Put(t)
+	if !bt.Wait(c.stopCh) {
 		return false
-	case <-t.C:
-		timerpool.Put(t)
 	}
 	c.retriesCount.Inc()
 	goto again
@@ -519,27 +507,6 @@ again:
 var remoteWriteRejectedLogger = logger.WithThrottler("remoteWriteRejected", 5*time.Second)
 var remoteWriteRetryLogger = logger.WithThrottler("remoteWriteRetry", 5*time.Second)
 
-// getRetryDuration returns retry duration.
-// retryAfterDuration has the highest priority.
-// If retryAfterDuration is not specified, retryDuration gets doubled.
-// retryDuration can't exceed maxRetryDuration.
-//
-// Also see: https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/6097
-func getRetryDuration(retryAfterDuration, retryDuration, maxRetryDuration time.Duration) time.Duration {
-	// retryAfterDuration has the highest priority duration
-	if retryAfterDuration > 0 {
-		return timeutil.AddJitterToDuration(retryAfterDuration)
-	}
-
-	// default backoff retry policy
-	retryDuration *= 2
-	if retryDuration > maxRetryDuration {
-		retryDuration = maxRetryDuration
-	}
-
-	return retryDuration
-}
-
 // repackBlockFromZstdToSnappy repacks the given zstd-compressed block to snappy-compressed block.
 //
 // The input block may be corrupted, for example, if vmagent was shut down ungracefully and
@@ -570,24 +537,20 @@ func logBlockRejected(block []byte, sanitizedURL string, resp *http.Response) {
 }
 
 // parseRetryAfterHeader parses `Retry-After` value retrieved from HTTP response header.
-// retryAfterString should be in either HTTP-date or a number of seconds.
-// It will return time.Duration(0) if `retryAfterString` does not follow RFC 7231.
-func parseRetryAfterHeader(retryAfterString string) (retryAfterDuration time.Duration) {
-	if retryAfterString == "" {
-		return retryAfterDuration
+//
+// s should be in either HTTP-date or a number of seconds.
+// It returns time.Duration(0) if s does not follow RFC 7231.
+func parseRetryAfterHeader(s string) time.Duration {
+	if s == "" {
+		return 0
 	}
 
-	defer func() {
-		v := retryAfterDuration.Seconds()
-		logger.Infof("'Retry-After: %s' parsed into %.2f second(s)", retryAfterString, v)
-	}()
-
 	// Retry-After could be in "Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 GMT" format.
-	if parsedTime, err := time.Parse(http.TimeFormat, retryAfterString); err == nil {
+	if parsedTime, err := time.Parse(http.TimeFormat, s); err == nil {
 		return time.Duration(time.Until(parsedTime).Seconds()) * time.Second
 	}
 	// Retry-After could be in seconds.
-	if seconds, err := strconv.Atoi(retryAfterString); err == nil {
+	if seconds, err := strconv.Atoi(s); err == nil {
 		return time.Duration(seconds) * time.Second
 	}
 

app/vmagent/remotewrite/client_test.go

@@ -6,66 +6,11 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/encoding"
 	"github.com/golang/snappy"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/encoding"
 )
 
-func TestCalculateRetryDuration(t *testing.T) {
-	// `testFunc` call `calculateRetryDuration` for `n` times
-	// and evaluate if the result of `calculateRetryDuration` is
-	// 1. >= expectMinDuration
-	// 2. <= expectMinDuration + 10% (see timeutil.AddJitterToDuration)
-	f := func(retryAfterDuration, retryDuration time.Duration, n int, expectMinDuration time.Duration) {
-		t.Helper()
-
-		for range n {
-			retryDuration = getRetryDuration(retryAfterDuration, retryDuration, time.Minute)
-		}
-
-		expectMaxDuration := helper(expectMinDuration)
-		expectMinDuration = expectMinDuration - (1000 * time.Millisecond) // Avoid edge case when calculating time.Until(now)
-
-		if retryDuration < expectMinDuration || retryDuration > expectMaxDuration {
-			t.Fatalf(
-				"incorrect retry duration, want (ms): [%d, %d], got (ms): %d",
-				expectMinDuration.Milliseconds(), expectMaxDuration.Milliseconds(),
-				retryDuration.Milliseconds(),
-			)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Call calculateRetryDuration for 1 time.
-	{
-		// default backoff policy
-		f(0, time.Second, 1, 2*time.Second)
-		// default backoff policy exceed max limit"
-		f(0, 10*time.Minute, 1, time.Minute)
-
-		// retry after > default backoff policy
-		f(10*time.Second, 1*time.Second, 1, 10*time.Second)
-		// retry after < default backoff policy
-		f(1*time.Second, 10*time.Second, 1, 1*time.Second)
-		// retry after invalid and < default backoff policy
-		f(0, time.Second, 1, 2*time.Second)
-
-	}
-
-	// Call calculateRetryDuration for multiple times.
-	{
-		// default backoff policy 2 times
-		f(0, time.Second, 2, 4*time.Second)
-		// default backoff policy 3 times
-		f(0, time.Second, 3, 8*time.Second)
-		// default backoff policy N times exceed max limit
-		f(0, time.Second, 10, time.Minute)
-
-		// retry after 120s 1 times
-		f(120*time.Second, time.Second, 1, 120*time.Second)
-		// retry after 120s 2 times
-		f(120*time.Second, time.Second, 2, 120*time.Second)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestParseRetryAfterHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	f := func(retryAfterString string, expectResult time.Duration) {
 		t.Helper()
@@ -91,13 +36,6 @@ func TestParseRetryAfterHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	f(time.Now().Add(10*time.Second).Format("Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 FAKETZ"), 0)
 }
 
-// helper calculate the max possible time duration calculated by timeutil.AddJitterToDuration.
-func helper(d time.Duration) time.Duration {
-	dv := min(d/10, 10*time.Second)
-
-	return d + dv
-}
-
 func TestRepackBlockFromZstdToSnappy(t *testing.T) {
 	expectedPlainBlock := []byte(`foobar`)
 

app/vmagent/remotewrite/remotewrite.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package remotewrite
 import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -11,6 +12,10 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
+
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/auth"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bloomfilter"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
@@ -23,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/memory"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/persistentqueue"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/procutil"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prommetadata"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompb"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promrelabel"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promutil"
@@ -30,8 +36,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/slicesutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/streamaggr"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/timeserieslimits"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
-	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -80,10 +84,14 @@ var (
 		`This may be needed for reducing memory usage at remote storage when the order of labels in incoming samples is random. `+
 		`For example, if m{k1="v1",k2="v2"} may be sent as m{k2="v2",k1="v1"}`+
 		`Enabled sorting for labels can slow down ingestion performance a bit`)
-	maxHourlySeries = flag.Int("remoteWrite.maxHourlySeries", 0, "The maximum number of unique series vmagent can send to remote storage systems during the last hour. "+
-		"Excess series are logged and dropped. This can be useful for limiting series cardinality. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmagent/#cardinality-limiter")
-	maxDailySeries = flag.Int("remoteWrite.maxDailySeries", 0, "The maximum number of unique series vmagent can send to remote storage systems during the last 24 hours. "+
-		"Excess series are logged and dropped. This can be useful for limiting series churn rate. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmagent/#cardinality-limiter")
+	maxHourlySeries = flag.Int64("remoteWrite.maxHourlySeries", 0, "The maximum number of unique series vmagent can send to remote storage systems during the last hour. "+
+		"Excess series are logged and dropped. This can be useful for limiting series cardinality. "+
+		fmt.Sprintf("Setting this flag to '-1' sets limit to maximum possible value (%d) which is useful in order to enable series tracking without enforcing limits. ", math.MaxInt32)+
+		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmagent/#cardinality-limiter")
+	maxDailySeries = flag.Int64("remoteWrite.maxDailySeries", 0, "The maximum number of unique series vmagent can send to remote storage systems during the last 24 hours. "+
+		"Excess series are logged and dropped. This can be useful for limiting series churn rate. "+
+		fmt.Sprintf("Setting this flag to '-1' sets limit to maximum possible value (%d) which is useful in order to enable series tracking without enforcing limits. ", math.MaxInt32)+
+		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmagent/#cardinality-limiter")
 	maxIngestionRate = flag.Int("maxIngestionRate", 0, "The maximum number of samples vmagent can receive per second. Data ingestion is paused when the limit is exceeded. "+
 		"By default there are no limits on samples ingestion rate. See also -remoteWrite.rateLimit")
 
@@ -92,6 +100,8 @@ var (
 		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmagent/#disabling-on-disk-persistence . See also -remoteWrite.dropSamplesOnOverload")
 	dropSamplesOnOverload = flag.Bool("remoteWrite.dropSamplesOnOverload", false, "Whether to drop samples when -remoteWrite.disableOnDiskQueue is set and if the samples "+
 		"cannot be pushed into the configured -remoteWrite.url systems in a timely manner. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmagent/#disabling-on-disk-persistence")
+	disableMetadataPerURL = flagutil.NewArrayBool("remoteWrite.disableMetadata", "Whether to disable sending metadata to the corresponding -remoteWrite.url. "+
+		"By default, metadata sending is controlled by the global -enableMetadata flag")
 )
 
 var (
@@ -157,8 +167,8 @@ func Init() {
 	if len(*remoteWriteURLs) == 0 {
 		logger.Fatalf("at least one `-remoteWrite.url` command-line flag must be set")
 	}
-	if *maxHourlySeries > 0 {
-		hourlySeriesLimiter = bloomfilter.NewLimiter(*maxHourlySeries, time.Hour)
+	if limit := getMaxHourlySeries(); limit > 0 {
+		hourlySeriesLimiter = bloomfilter.NewLimiter(limit, time.Hour)
 		_ = metrics.NewGauge(`vmagent_hourly_series_limit_max_series`, func() float64 {
 			return float64(hourlySeriesLimiter.MaxItems())
 		})
@@ -166,8 +176,8 @@ func Init() {
 			return float64(hourlySeriesLimiter.CurrentItems())
 		})
 	}
-	if *maxDailySeries > 0 {
-		dailySeriesLimiter = bloomfilter.NewLimiter(*maxDailySeries, 24*time.Hour)
+	if limit := getMaxDailySeries(); limit > 0 {
+		dailySeriesLimiter = bloomfilter.NewLimiter(limit, 24*time.Hour)
 		_ = metrics.NewGauge(`vmagent_daily_series_limit_max_series`, func() float64 {
 			return float64(dailySeriesLimiter.MaxItems())
 		})
@@ -540,6 +550,10 @@ func tryPushMetadataToRemoteStorages(rwctxs []*remoteWriteCtx, mms []prompb.Metr
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	var anyPushFailed atomic.Bool
 	for _, rwctx := range rwctxs {
+		if !rwctx.enableMetadata {
+			// Skip remote storage with disabled metadata
+			continue
+		}
 		wg.Go(func() {
 			if !rwctx.tryPushMetadataInternal(mms) {
 				rwctx.pushFailures.Inc()
@@ -811,6 +825,11 @@ type remoteWriteCtx struct {
 	streamAggrKeepInput bool
 	streamAggrDropInput bool
 
+	// enableMetadata indicates whether metadata should be sent to this remote storage.
+	// It is determined by -remoteWrite.enableMetadata per-URL flag if set,
+	// otherwise by the global -enableMetadata flag.
+	enableMetadata bool
+
 	pss        []*pendingSeries
 	pssNextIdx atomic.Uint64
 
@@ -822,6 +841,18 @@ type remoteWriteCtx struct {
 	rowsDroppedOnPushFailure     *metrics.Counter
 }
 
+// isMetadataEnabledForURL returns true if metadata should be sent to the remote storage at argIdx.
+// It checks the per-URL -remoteWrite.disableMetadata flag first.
+// If not set, it falls back to the global -enableMetadata flag.
+func isMetadataEnabledForURL(argIdx int) bool {
+	if disableMetadataPerURL.GetOptionalArg(argIdx) {
+		// Metadata is explicitly disabled for this URL
+		return false
+	}
+	// Use global -enableMetadata value
+	return prommetadata.IsEnabled()
+}
+
 func newRemoteWriteCtx(argIdx int, remoteWriteURL *url.URL, sanitizedURL string) *remoteWriteCtx {
 	// strip query params, otherwise changing params resets pq
 	pqURL := *remoteWriteURL
@@ -892,10 +923,11 @@ func newRemoteWriteCtx(argIdx int, remoteWriteURL *url.URL, sanitizedURL string)
 	}
 
 	rwctx := &remoteWriteCtx{
-		idx: argIdx,
-		fq:  fq,
-		c:   c,
-		pss: pss,
+		idx:            argIdx,
+		fq:             fq,
+		c:              c,
+		pss:            pss,
+		enableMetadata: isMetadataEnabledForURL(argIdx),
 
 		rowsPushedAfterRelabel: metrics.GetOrCreateCounter(fmt.Sprintf(`vmagent_remotewrite_rows_pushed_after_relabel_total{path=%q,url=%q}`, queuePath, sanitizedURL)),
 		rowsDroppedByRelabel:   metrics.GetOrCreateCounter(fmt.Sprintf(`vmagent_remotewrite_relabel_metrics_dropped_total{path=%q,url=%q}`, queuePath, sanitizedURL)),
@@ -1116,3 +1148,21 @@ func newMapFromStrings(a []string) map[string]struct{} {
 	}
 	return m
 }
+
+func getMaxHourlySeries() int {
+	limit := *maxHourlySeries
+	if limit == -1 || limit > math.MaxInt32 {
+		return math.MaxInt32
+	}
+
+	return int(limit)
+}
+
+func getMaxDailySeries() int {
+	limit := *maxDailySeries
+	if limit == -1 || limit > math.MaxInt32 {
+		return math.MaxInt32
+	}
+
+	return int(limit)
+}

app/vmalert/remotewrite/client.go

@@ -13,14 +13,18 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
 	"github.com/golang/snappy"
 
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/cgroup"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httputil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/netutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/promauth"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompb"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/timeutil"
+
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
 )
 
@@ -113,8 +117,10 @@ func NewClient(ctx context.Context, cfg Config) (*Client, error) {
 		input:         make(chan prompb.TimeSeries, cfg.MaxQueueSize),
 	}
 
-	for range cc {
-		c.run(ctx)
+	for i := 0; i < cc; i++ {
+		c.wg.Go(func() {
+			c.run(ctx, i)
+		})
 	}
 	return c, nil
 }
@@ -156,8 +162,7 @@ func (c *Client) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (c *Client) run(ctx context.Context) {
-	ticker := time.NewTicker(c.flushInterval)
+func (c *Client) run(ctx context.Context, id int) {
 	wr := &prompb.WriteRequest{}
 	shutdown := func() {
 		lastCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultWriteTimeout)
@@ -174,45 +179,72 @@ func (c *Client) run(ctx context.Context) {
 		cancel()
 	}
 
-	c.wg.Go(func() {
-		defer ticker.Stop()
-		for {
+	// add jitter to spread remote write flushes over the flush interval to avoid congestion at the remote write destination
+	h := xxhash.Sum64(bytesutil.ToUnsafeBytes(fmt.Sprintf("%d", id)))
+	randJitter := uint64(float64(c.flushInterval) * (float64(h) / (1 << 64)))
+	timer := time.NewTimer(time.Duration(randJitter))
+addJitter:
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.doneCh:
+			timer.Stop()
+			shutdown()
+			return
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			timer.Stop()
+			shutdown()
+			return
+		case <-timer.C:
+			break addJitter
+		}
+	}
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(c.flushInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.doneCh:
+			shutdown()
+			return
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			shutdown()
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			c.flush(ctx, wr)
+			// drain the potential stale tick to avoid small or empty flushes after a slow flush.
 			select {
-			case <-c.doneCh:
-				shutdown()
-				return
-			case <-ctx.Done():
-				shutdown()
-				return
 			case <-ticker.C:
+			default:
+			}
+		case ts, ok := <-c.input:
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			wr.Timeseries = append(wr.Timeseries, ts)
+			if len(wr.Timeseries) >= c.maxBatchSize {
 				c.flush(ctx, wr)
-				// drain the potential stale tick to avoid small or empty flushes after a slow flush.
-				select {
-				case <-ticker.C:
-				default:
-				}
-			case ts, ok := <-c.input:
-				if !ok {
-					continue
-				}
-				wr.Timeseries = append(wr.Timeseries, ts)
-				if len(wr.Timeseries) >= c.maxBatchSize {
-					c.flush(ctx, wr)
-				}
 			}
 		}
-	})
+	}
 }
 
 var (
 	rwErrors = metrics.NewCounter(`vmalert_remotewrite_errors_total`)
 	rwTotal  = metrics.NewCounter(`vmalert_remotewrite_total`)
 
-	sentRows            = metrics.NewCounter(`vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows_total`)
-	sentBytes           = metrics.NewCounter(`vmalert_remotewrite_sent_bytes_total`)
-	droppedRows         = metrics.NewCounter(`vmalert_remotewrite_dropped_rows_total`)
-	sendDuration        = metrics.NewFloatCounter(`vmalert_remotewrite_send_duration_seconds_total`)
-	bufferFlushDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vmalert_remotewrite_flush_duration_seconds`)
+	// sentRows and sentBytes are historical counters that can now be replaced by flushedRows and flushedBytes histograms. They may be deprecated in the future after the new histograms have been adopted for some time.
+	sentRows             = metrics.NewCounter(`vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows_total`)
+	sentBytes            = metrics.NewCounter(`vmalert_remotewrite_sent_bytes_total`)
+	flushedRows          = metrics.NewHistogram(`vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows`)
+	flushedBytes         = metrics.NewHistogram(`vmalert_remotewrite_sent_bytes`)
+	droppedRows          = metrics.NewCounter(`vmalert_remotewrite_dropped_rows_total`)
+	sendDuration         = metrics.NewFloatCounter(`vmalert_remotewrite_send_duration_seconds_total`)
+	bufferFlushDuration  = metrics.NewHistogram(`vmalert_remotewrite_flush_duration_seconds`)
+	remoteWriteQueueSize = metrics.NewHistogram(`vmalert_remotewrite_queue_size`)
+
+	_ = metrics.NewGauge(`vmalert_remotewrite_queue_capacity`, func() float64 {
+		return float64(*maxQueueSize)
+	})
 
 	_ = metrics.NewGauge(`vmalert_remotewrite_concurrency`, func() float64 {
 		return float64(*concurrency)
@@ -226,6 +258,7 @@ func GetDroppedRows() int { return int(droppedRows.Get()) }
 // it to remote-write endpoint. Flush performs limited amount of retries
 // if request fails.
 func (c *Client) flush(ctx context.Context, wr *prompb.WriteRequest) {
+	remoteWriteQueueSize.Update(float64(len(c.input)))
 	if len(wr.Timeseries) < 1 {
 		return
 	}
@@ -235,10 +268,8 @@ func (c *Client) flush(ctx context.Context, wr *prompb.WriteRequest) {
 	data := wr.MarshalProtobuf(nil)
 	b := snappy.Encode(nil, data)
 
-	retryInterval, maxRetryInterval := *retryMinInterval, *retryMaxTime
-	if retryInterval > maxRetryInterval {
-		retryInterval = maxRetryInterval
-	}
+	maxRetryInterval := *retryMaxTime
+	bt := timeutil.NewBackoffTimer(*retryMinInterval, maxRetryInterval)
 	timeStart := time.Now()
 	defer func() {
 		sendDuration.Add(time.Since(timeStart).Seconds())
@@ -256,6 +287,8 @@ L:
 		if err == nil {
 			sentRows.Add(len(wr.Timeseries))
 			sentBytes.Add(len(b))
+			flushedRows.Update(float64(len(wr.Timeseries)))
+			flushedBytes.Update(float64(len(b)))
 			return
 		}
 
@@ -281,12 +314,11 @@ L:
 			break
 		}
 
-		if retryInterval > timeLeftForRetries {
-			retryInterval = timeLeftForRetries
+		if bt.CurrentDelay() > timeLeftForRetries {
+			bt.SetDelay(timeLeftForRetries)
 		}
 		// sleeping to prevent remote db hammering
-		time.Sleep(retryInterval)
-		retryInterval *= 2
+		bt.Wait(ctx.Done())
 
 		attempts++
 	}

app/vmalert/rule/alerting.go

@@ -789,7 +789,16 @@ func firingAlertStaleTimeSeries(ls map[string]string, timestamp int64) []prompb.
 
 // restore restores the value of ActiveAt field for active alerts,
 // based on previously written time series `alertForStateMetricName`.
+// Only rules with For > 0 can be restored.
 func (ar *AlertingRule) restore(ctx context.Context, q datasource.Querier, ts time.Time, lookback time.Duration) error {
+	if ar.For < 1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if len(ar.alerts) < 1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	nameStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s=%q", alertNameLabel, ar.Name)
 	if !*disableAlertGroupLabel {
 		nameStr = fmt.Sprintf("%s=%q,%s=%q", alertGroupNameLabel, ar.GroupName, alertNameLabel, ar.Name)

app/vmalert/rule/group.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"hash/fnv"
 	"maps"
 	"net/url"
-	"os"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
@@ -214,7 +213,6 @@ func (g *Group) CreateID() uint64 {
 // restore restores alerts state for group rules
 func (g *Group) restore(ctx context.Context, qb datasource.QuerierBuilder, ts time.Time, lookback time.Duration) error {
 	for _, rule := range g.Rules {
-		// Only alerting rule with for > 0 and has active alerts from the first evaluation can be restored
 		ar, ok := rule.(*AlertingRule)
 		if !ok {
 			continue
@@ -222,9 +220,6 @@ func (g *Group) restore(ctx context.Context, qb datasource.QuerierBuilder, ts ti
 		if ar.For < 1 {
 			continue
 		}
-		if len(ar.alerts) < 1 {
-			return nil
-		}
 		q := qb.BuildWithParams(datasource.QuerierParams{
 			EvaluationInterval: g.Interval,
 			QueryParams:        g.Params,
@@ -338,11 +333,6 @@ func (g *Group) Init() {
 // Start starts group's evaluation
 func (g *Group) Start(ctx context.Context, rw remotewrite.RWClient, rr datasource.QuerierBuilder) {
 	defer func() { close(g.finishedCh) }()
-	e := &executor{
-		Rw:              rw,
-		notifierHeaders: g.NotifierHeaders,
-	}
-
 	evalTS := time.Now()
 	// sleep random duration to spread group rules evaluation
 	// over maxStartDelay to reduce the load on datasource.
@@ -377,6 +367,11 @@ func (g *Group) Start(ctx context.Context, rw remotewrite.RWClient, rr datasourc
 		evalTS = evalTS.Add(sleepBeforeStart)
 	}
 
+	e := &executor{
+		Rw:              rw,
+		notifierHeaders: g.NotifierHeaders,
+	}
+
 	g.infof("started")
 
 	eval := func(ctx context.Context, ts time.Time) time.Time {
@@ -405,29 +400,6 @@ func (g *Group) Start(ctx context.Context, rw remotewrite.RWClient, rr datasourc
 		g.mu.Lock()
 		g.LastEvaluation = start
 		g.mu.Unlock()
-		if g.EvalOffset != nil && e.Rw != nil {
-			hostname, err := os.Hostname()
-			if err != nil {
-				hostname = "unknown"
-			}
-			labels := map[string]string{
-				"__name__": "vmalert_eval_timestamp",
-				"host":     hostname,
-				"group":    g.Name,
-				"file":     g.File,
-			}
-			var ls []prompb.Label
-			for k, v := range labels {
-				ls = append(ls, prompb.Label{
-					Name:  k,
-					Value: v,
-				})
-			}
-			ts := newTimeSeries([]float64{float64(ts.Unix())}, []int64{start.Unix()}, ls)
-			if err := e.Rw.Push(ts); err != nil {
-				logger.Errorf("group %q: failed to push evaluation timestamp: %s", g.Name, err)
-			}
-		}
 		return ts
 	}
 

app/vmalert/web.go

@@ -52,7 +52,13 @@ var (
 		"alert":  rule.TypeAlerting,
 		"record": rule.TypeRecording,
 	}
-	ruleStates = []string{"ok", "nomatch", "inactive", "firing", "pending", "unhealthy"}
+
+	// The "recovering", "noData", "normal", "error" states are used by Grafana.
+	// Ignore "recovering" since it is not currently acknowledged by vmalert,
+	// treat "noData" as an alias for "nomatch",
+	// treat "normal" as an alias for "inactive",
+	// treat "error" as an alias for "unhealthy"
+	ruleStates = []string{"ok", "nomatch", "inactive", "firing", "pending", "unhealthy", "recovering", "noData", "normal", "error"}
 )
 
 type requestHandler struct {
@@ -363,6 +369,15 @@ func newRulesFilter(r *http.Request) (*rulesFilter, *httpserver.ErrorWithStatusC
 			if !slices.Contains(ruleStates, v) {
 				return nil, errResponse(fmt.Errorf(`invalid parameter "state": contains not supported value %q`, v), http.StatusBadRequest)
 			}
+			// Replace grafana states with supported internal states
+			switch v {
+			case "noData":
+				v = "nomatch"
+			case "normal":
+				v = "inactive"
+			case "error":
+				v = "unhealthy"
+			}
 			rf.states = append(rf.states, v)
 		}
 	}

app/vmauth/main.go

@@ -357,6 +357,7 @@ func bufferRequestBody(ctx context.Context, r io.ReadCloser, userName string) (i
 
 	maxBufSize := max(requestBufferSize.IntN(), maxRequestBodySizeToRetry.IntN())
 	if maxBufSize <= 0 {
+		// Request buffering is disabled.
 		return r, nil
 	}
 
@@ -763,7 +764,7 @@ var concurrentRequestsLimitReached = metrics.NewCounter("vmauth_concurrent_reque
 
 func usage() {
 	const s = `
-vmauth authenticates and authorizes incoming requests and proxies them to VictoriaMetrics.
+vmauth authenticates and authorizes incoming requests and proxies them to VictoriaMetrics components or any other HTTP backends.
 
 See the docs at https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmauth/ .
 `
@@ -792,10 +793,11 @@ func handleConcurrencyLimitError(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, err err
 }
 
 // bufferedBody serves two purposes:
-//  1. Enables request retries when the body size does not exceed maxBodySize
-//     by fully buffering the body in memory.
-//  2. Prevents slow clients from reducing effective server capacity by
-//     buffering the request body before acquiring a per-user concurrency slot.
+//
+//  1. It enables request retries when the request body size does not exceed maxBufSize
+//     by fully buffering the request body in memory.
+//  2. It prevents slow clients from reducing effective server capacity
+//     by buffering the request body before acquiring a per-user concurrency slot.
 //
 // See bufferRequestBody for details on how bufferedBody is used.
 type bufferedBody struct {
@@ -819,7 +821,7 @@ func newBufferedBody(r io.ReadCloser, buf []byte, maxBufSize int) *bufferedBody
 	// See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/8051
 
 	if len(buf) < maxBufSize {
-		// Read the full request body into buf.
+		// The full request body has been already read into buf.
 		r = nil
 	}
 
@@ -832,7 +834,7 @@ func newBufferedBody(r io.ReadCloser, buf []byte, maxBufSize int) *bufferedBody
 // Read implements io.Reader interface.
 func (bb *bufferedBody) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	if bb.cannotRetry {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot read already closed body")
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot read already closed request body")
 	}
 	if bb.bufOffset < len(bb.buf) {
 		n := copy(p, bb.buf[bb.bufOffset:])

app/vmbackup/main.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/procutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/pushmetrics"
+
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/snapshot"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/snapshot/snapshotutil"
 )

app/vmctl/flags.go

@@ -416,6 +416,16 @@ const (
 	promTemporaryDirPath = "prom-tmp-dir-path"
 )
 
+const (
+	thanosSnapshot         = "thanos-snapshot"
+	thanosConcurrency      = "thanos-concurrency"
+	thanosFilterTimeStart  = "thanos-filter-time-start"
+	thanosFilterTimeEnd    = "thanos-filter-time-end"
+	thanosFilterLabel      = "thanos-filter-label"
+	thanosFilterLabelValue = "thanos-filter-label-value"
+	thanosAggrTypes        = "thanos-aggr-types"
+)
+
 var (
 	promFlags = []cli.Flag{
 		&cli.StringFlag{
@@ -451,6 +461,43 @@ var (
 			Value: os.TempDir(),
 		},
 	}
+
+	thanosFlags = []cli.Flag{
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:     thanosSnapshot,
+			Usage:    "Path to Thanos snapshot directory containing raw and/or downsampled blocks.",
+			Required: true,
+		},
+		&cli.IntFlag{
+			Name:  thanosConcurrency,
+			Usage: "Number of concurrently running snapshot readers",
+			Value: 1,
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  thanosFilterTimeStart,
+			Usage: "The time filter in RFC3339 format to select timeseries with timestamp equal or higher than provided value. E.g. '2020-01-01T20:07:00Z'",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  thanosFilterTimeEnd,
+			Usage: "The time filter in RFC3339 format to select timeseries with timestamp equal or lower than provided value. E.g. '2020-01-01T20:07:00Z'",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  thanosFilterLabel,
+			Usage: "Thanos label name to filter timeseries by. E.g. '__name__' will filter timeseries by name.",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  thanosFilterLabelValue,
+			Usage: fmt.Sprintf("Thanos regular expression to filter label from %q flag.", thanosFilterLabel),
+			Value: ".*",
+		},
+		&cli.StringSliceFlag{
+			Name: thanosAggrTypes,
+			Usage: "Aggregate types to import from Thanos downsampled blocks. Supported values: count, sum, min, max, counter. " +
+				"Each aggregate will be imported as a separate metric with the aggregate type as suffix (e.g., metric_name:5m:count). " +
+				"If not specified, all aggregate types will be imported from downsampled blocks.",
+			Value: nil,
+		},
+	}
 )
 
 const (

app/vmctl/main.go

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/influx"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/opentsdb"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/prometheus"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/thanos"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/vm"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/buildinfo"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httputil"
@@ -285,6 +286,7 @@ func main() {
 					if err != nil {
 						return fmt.Errorf("failed to create prometheus client: %s", err)
 					}
+
 					pp := prometheusProcessor{
 						cl:        cl,
 						im:        importer,
@@ -294,6 +296,59 @@ func main() {
 					return pp.run(ctx)
 				},
 			},
+			{
+				Name:   "thanos",
+				Usage:  "Migrate time series from Thanos blocks (supports raw and downsampled data)",
+				Flags:  mergeFlags(globalFlags, thanosFlags, vmFlags),
+				Before: beforeFn,
+				Action: func(c *cli.Context) error {
+					fmt.Println("Thanos import mode")
+
+					vmCfg, err := initConfigVM(c)
+					if err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("failed to init VM configuration: %s", err)
+					}
+
+					importer, err = vm.NewImporter(ctx, vmCfg)
+					if err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("failed to create VM importer: %s", err)
+					}
+
+					thanosCfg := thanos.Config{
+						Snapshot: c.String(thanosSnapshot),
+						Filter: thanos.Filter{
+							TimeMin:    c.String(thanosFilterTimeStart),
+							TimeMax:    c.String(thanosFilterTimeEnd),
+							Label:      c.String(thanosFilterLabel),
+							LabelValue: c.String(thanosFilterLabelValue),
+						},
+					}
+					cl, err := thanos.NewClient(thanosCfg)
+					if err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("failed to create thanos client: %s", err)
+					}
+
+					var aggrTypes []thanos.AggrType
+					if aggrTypesStr := c.StringSlice(thanosAggrTypes); len(aggrTypesStr) > 0 {
+						for _, typeStr := range aggrTypesStr {
+							aggrType, err := thanos.ParseAggrType(typeStr)
+							if err != nil {
+								return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse aggregate type %q: %s", typeStr, err)
+							}
+							aggrTypes = append(aggrTypes, aggrType)
+						}
+					}
+
+					tp := thanosProcessor{
+						cl:        cl,
+						im:        importer,
+						cc:        c.Int(thanosConcurrency),
+						isVerbose: c.Bool(globalVerbose),
+						aggrTypes: aggrTypes,
+					}
+					return tp.run(ctx)
+				},
+			},
 			{
 				Name:   "vm-native",
 				Usage:  "Migrate time series between VictoriaMetrics installations",

app/vmctl/thanos/aggr_chunk.go

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+package thanos
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
+)
+
+// ChunkEncAggr is the top level encoding byte for the AggrChunk.
+// It is defined by Thanos as 0xff to prevent collisions with Prometheus encodings.
+const ChunkEncAggr = chunkenc.Encoding(0xff)
+
+// AggrType represents an aggregation type in Thanos downsampled blocks.
+type AggrType uint8
+
+// AggrTypeNone indicates raw blocks with no aggregation.
+// It is used as a sentinel to distinguish raw block processing from downsampled.
+const AggrTypeNone AggrType = 255
+
+// Valid aggregation types matching Thanos definitions.
+const (
+	AggrCount AggrType = iota
+	AggrSum
+	AggrMin
+	AggrMax
+	AggrCounter
+)
+
+// AllAggrTypes contains all supported aggregation types.
+var AllAggrTypes = []AggrType{AggrCount, AggrSum, AggrMin, AggrMax, AggrCounter}
+
+func (t AggrType) String() string {
+	switch t {
+	case AggrCount:
+		return "count"
+	case AggrSum:
+		return "sum"
+	case AggrMin:
+		return "min"
+	case AggrMax:
+		return "max"
+	case AggrCounter:
+		return "counter"
+	}
+	return "<unknown>"
+}
+
+// ParseAggrType parses aggregate type from string.
+func ParseAggrType(s string) (AggrType, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "count":
+		return AggrCount, nil
+	case "sum":
+		return AggrSum, nil
+	case "min":
+		return AggrMin, nil
+	case "max":
+		return AggrMax, nil
+	case "counter":
+		return AggrCounter, nil
+	}
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("unknown aggregate type: %q", s)
+}
+
+// ErrAggrNotExist is returned if a requested aggregation is not present in an AggrChunk.
+var ErrAggrNotExist = errors.New("aggregate does not exist")
+
+// AggrChunk is a chunk that is composed of a set of aggregates for the same underlying data.
+// Not all aggregates must be present.
+// This is a read-only implementation for decoding Thanos downsampled blocks.
+type AggrChunk []byte
+
+// IsAggrChunk checks if the encoding byte indicates this is an AggrChunk.
+func IsAggrChunk(enc chunkenc.Encoding) bool {
+	return enc == ChunkEncAggr
+}
+
+// Get returns the sub-chunk for the given aggregate type if it exists.
+func (c AggrChunk) Get(t AggrType) (chunkenc.Chunk, error) {
+	b := c[:]
+	var x []byte
+
+	for i := AggrType(0); i <= t; i++ {
+		l, n := binary.Uvarint(b)
+		if n < 1 {
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid size: failed to read uvarint")
+		}
+		if l > uint64(len(b[n:])) || l+1 > uint64(len(b[n:])) {
+			if l > 0 {
+				return nil, errors.New("invalid size: not enough bytes")
+			}
+		}
+		b = b[n:]
+		// If length is set to zero explicitly, that means the aggregate is unset.
+		if l == 0 {
+			if i == t {
+				return nil, ErrAggrNotExist
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		chunkLen := int(l) + 1
+		x = b[:chunkLen]
+		b = b[chunkLen:]
+	}
+	if len(x) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrAggrNotExist
+	}
+	return chunkenc.FromData(chunkenc.Encoding(x[0]), x[1:])
+}
+
+// Encoding returns the encoding type for AggrChunk.
+func (c AggrChunk) Encoding() chunkenc.Encoding {
+	return ChunkEncAggr
+}
+
+// errIterator wraps a nop iterator but reports an error via Err().
+// It embeds chunkenc.Iterator to inherit all methods (including Seek)
+// which avoids go vet stdmethods warning about Seek signature.
+type errIterator struct {
+	chunkenc.Iterator
+	err error
+}
+
+// Err returns the underlying error.
+func (it *errIterator) Err() error {
+	return it.err
+}
+
+// newAggrChunkIterator creates a new iterator for the specified aggregate type.
+// If the aggregate is not present in the chunk (ErrAggrNotExist), a nop iterator
+// is returned without error — the caller will simply see zero samples.
+// Real decoding/corruption errors are reported via the iterator's Err() method.
+func newAggrChunkIterator(data []byte, aggrType AggrType) chunkenc.Iterator {
+	chunk := AggrChunk(data)
+	subChunk, err := chunk.Get(aggrType)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrAggrNotExist) {
+			return chunkenc.NewNopIterator()
+		}
+		return &errIterator{
+			Iterator: chunkenc.NewNopIterator(),
+			err:      err,
+		}
+	}
+	return subChunk.Iterator(nil)
+}
+
+// AggrChunkWrapper wraps AggrChunk to implement chunkenc.Chunk interface.
+// It delegates iteration to a specific aggregate type.
+type AggrChunkWrapper struct {
+	data     []byte
+	aggrType AggrType
+}
+
+// NewAggrChunkWrapper creates a new AggrChunk wrapper for the specified aggregate type.
+func NewAggrChunkWrapper(data []byte, aggrType AggrType) *AggrChunkWrapper {
+	return &AggrChunkWrapper{
+		data:     data,
+		aggrType: aggrType,
+	}
+}
+
+// Bytes returns the underlying byte slice.
+func (c *AggrChunkWrapper) Bytes() []byte {
+	return c.data
+}
+
+// Encoding returns the AggrChunk encoding.
+func (c *AggrChunkWrapper) Encoding() chunkenc.Encoding {
+	return ChunkEncAggr
+}
+
+// Appender returns an error since AggrChunk is read-only.
+func (c *AggrChunkWrapper) Appender() (chunkenc.Appender, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("AggrChunk is read-only")
+}
+
+// Iterator returns an iterator for the specified aggregate type.
+func (c *AggrChunkWrapper) Iterator(it chunkenc.Iterator) chunkenc.Iterator {
+	return newAggrChunkIterator(c.data, c.aggrType)
+}
+
+// NumSamples returns the number of samples in the aggregate.
+func (c *AggrChunkWrapper) NumSamples() int {
+	chunk := AggrChunk(c.data)
+	subChunk, err := chunk.Get(c.aggrType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return subChunk.NumSamples()
+}
+
+// Compact is a no-op for read-only AggrChunk.
+func (c *AggrChunkWrapper) Compact() {}
+
+// Reset resets the chunk with new data.
+func (c *AggrChunkWrapper) Reset(stream []byte) {
+	c.data = stream
+}
+
+// AggrChunkPool is a custom Pool that understands AggrChunk encoding (0xff).
+// It delegates standard encodings to the default pool and handles AggrChunk specially.
+type AggrChunkPool struct {
+	defaultPool chunkenc.Pool
+	aggrType    AggrType
+}
+
+// NewAggrChunkPool creates a new pool that handles AggrChunk encoding.
+func NewAggrChunkPool(aggrType AggrType) *AggrChunkPool {
+	return &AggrChunkPool{
+		defaultPool: chunkenc.NewPool(),
+		aggrType:    aggrType,
+	}
+}
+
+// Get returns a chunk for the given encoding and data.
+func (p *AggrChunkPool) Get(e chunkenc.Encoding, b []byte) (chunkenc.Chunk, error) {
+	if e == ChunkEncAggr {
+		return NewAggrChunkWrapper(b, p.aggrType), nil
+	}
+	return p.defaultPool.Get(e, b)
+}
+
+// Put returns a chunk to the pool.
+func (p *AggrChunkPool) Put(c chunkenc.Chunk) error {
+	if c.Encoding() == ChunkEncAggr {
+		// AggrChunk wrappers are not pooled
+		return nil
+	}
+	return p.defaultPool.Put(c)
+}

app/vmctl/thanos/block_meta.go

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+package thanos
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+// BlockMeta extends Prometheus BlockMeta with Thanos-specific fields.
+type BlockMeta struct {
+	// Thanos-specific metadata
+	Thanos ThanosMeta `json:"thanos,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// ThanosMeta contains Thanos-specific block metadata.
+type ThanosMeta struct {
+	// Labels are external labels identifying the producer.
+	Labels map[string]string `json:"labels,omitempty"`
+
+	// Downsample contains downsampling information.
+	Downsample ThanosDownsample `json:"downsample,omitempty"`
+
+	// Source indicates where the block came from.
+	Source string `json:"source,omitempty"`
+
+	// SegmentFiles contains list of segment files in the block.
+	SegmentFiles []string `json:"segment_files,omitempty"`
+
+	// Files contains metadata about files in the block.
+	Files []ThanosFile `json:"files,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// ThanosDownsample contains downsampling resolution info.
+type ThanosDownsample struct {
+	// Resolution is the downsampling resolution in milliseconds.
+	// 0 means raw data (no downsampling).
+	// 300000 (5 minutes) or 3600000 (1 hour) for downsampled data.
+	Resolution int64 `json:"resolution"`
+}
+
+// ThanosFile contains metadata about a file in the block.
+type ThanosFile struct {
+	RelPath   string `json:"rel_path"`
+	SizeBytes int64  `json:"size_bytes,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// ResolutionLevel represents the downsampling resolution.
+type ResolutionLevel int64
+
+const (
+	// ResolutionRaw is for raw, non-downsampled data.
+	ResolutionRaw ResolutionLevel = 0
+	// Resolution5m is for 5-minute downsampled data (300000 ms).
+	Resolution5m ResolutionLevel = 300000
+	// Resolution1h is for 1-hour downsampled data (3600000 ms).
+	Resolution1h ResolutionLevel = 3600000
+)
+
+// String returns human-readable resolution string.
+func (r ResolutionLevel) String() string {
+	switch r {
+	case ResolutionRaw:
+		return "raw"
+	case Resolution5m:
+		return "5m"
+	case Resolution1h:
+		return "1h"
+	default:
+		return "unknown"
+	}
+}
+
+// ReadBlockMeta reads Thanos-extended block metadata from meta.json.
+func ReadBlockMeta(blockDir string) (*BlockMeta, error) {
+	metaPath := filepath.Join(blockDir, "meta.json")
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(metaPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var meta BlockMeta
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &meta); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &meta, nil
+}
+
+// IsDownsampled returns true if the block contains downsampled data.
+func (m *BlockMeta) IsDownsampled() bool {
+	return m.Thanos.Downsample.Resolution > 0
+}
+
+// Resolution returns the block's downsampling resolution.
+func (m *BlockMeta) Resolution() ResolutionLevel {
+	return ResolutionLevel(m.Thanos.Downsample.Resolution)
+}
+
+// ResolutionSuffix returns a suffix string for metric names based on resolution.
+// For example: ":5m" or ":1h" for downsampled data, empty for raw data.
+func (m *BlockMeta) ResolutionSuffix() string {
+	switch m.Resolution() {
+	case Resolution5m:
+		return ":5m"
+	case Resolution1h:
+		return ":1h"
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}

app/vmctl/thanos/block_reader.go

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package thanos
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
+)
+
+// BlockInfo contains information about a block including Thanos metadata.
+type BlockInfo struct {
+	Block      tsdb.BlockReader
+	Resolution ResolutionLevel
+	IsThanos   bool
+	// Closer releases the block's resources (file descriptors, mmap).
+	// Must be called only after all queriers on this block have been closed.
+	Closer io.Closer
+}
+
+// OpenBlocksWithInfo opens all blocks and returns them with their metadata.
+// snapshotDir must be a snapshot directory containing block directories.
+func OpenBlocksWithInfo(snapshotDir string, aggrType AggrType) ([]BlockInfo, error) {
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(snapshotDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read snapshot directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var blocks []BlockInfo
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if !entry.IsDir() {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		blockDir := filepath.Join(snapshotDir, entry.Name())
+		metaPath := filepath.Join(blockDir, "meta.json")
+
+		// Check if this is a valid block directory (has meta.json)
+		if _, err := os.Stat(metaPath); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		meta, err := ReadBlockMeta(blockDir)
+		if err != nil {
+			CloseBlocks(blocks)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read Thanos metadata for block %s: %w", blockDir, err)
+		}
+
+		var pool chunkenc.Pool
+		if meta.IsDownsampled() {
+			// Use AggrChunkPool for downsampled blocks
+			pool = NewAggrChunkPool(aggrType)
+		}
+
+		block, err := tsdb.OpenBlock(nil, blockDir, pool, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			// Close previously opened blocks before returning error
+			CloseBlocks(blocks)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open block %s: %w", blockDir, err)
+		}
+
+		blocks = append(blocks, BlockInfo{
+			Block:      block,
+			Resolution: meta.Resolution(),
+			IsThanos:   true,
+			Closer:     block,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return blocks, nil
+}
+
+// CloseBlocks closes all blocks in the slice.
+// Must be called only after all queriers on these blocks have been closed.
+func CloseBlocks(blocks []BlockInfo) {
+	for _, bi := range blocks {
+		if bi.Closer != nil {
+			_ = bi.Closer.Close()
+		}
+	}
+}

app/vmctl/thanos/client.go

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+package thanos
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb"
+)
+
+// Config contains parameters for reading Thanos snapshots.
+type Config struct {
+	Snapshot string
+	Filter   Filter
+}
+
+// Filter contains configuration for filtering the timeseries.
+type Filter struct {
+	TimeMin    string
+	TimeMax    string
+	Label      string
+	LabelValue string
+}
+
+// Client reads Thanos snapshot blocks, including downsampled blocks with AggrChunk encoding.
+type Client struct {
+	snapshotPath string
+	filter       filter
+	statsPrinted bool
+}
+
+type filter struct {
+	min, max   int64
+	label      string
+	labelValue string
+}
+
+func (f filter) inRange(minV, maxV int64) bool {
+	fmin, fmax := f.min, f.max
+	if fmin == 0 {
+		fmin = minV
+	}
+	if fmax == 0 {
+		fmax = maxV
+	}
+	return minV <= fmax && fmin <= maxV
+}
+
+// NewClient creates a new Thanos snapshot client.
+func NewClient(cfg Config) (*Client, error) {
+	minTime, maxTime, err := parseTime(cfg.Filter.TimeMin, cfg.Filter.TimeMax)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse time in filter: %s", err)
+	}
+	return &Client{
+		snapshotPath: cfg.Snapshot,
+		filter: filter{
+			min:        minTime,
+			max:        maxTime,
+			label:      cfg.Filter.Label,
+			labelValue: cfg.Filter.LabelValue,
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Explore fetches all available blocks from the snapshot with support for
+// Thanos AggrChunk (downsampled blocks). It opens blocks with a custom pool
+// that can decode AggrChunk encoding (0xff).
+func (c *Client) Explore(aggrType AggrType) ([]BlockInfo, error) {
+	blockInfos, err := OpenBlocksWithInfo(c.snapshotPath, aggrType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open blocks: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	s := &Stats{
+		Filtered: c.filter.min != 0 || c.filter.max != 0 || c.filter.label != "",
+		Blocks:   len(blockInfos),
+	}
+
+	var blocksToImport []BlockInfo
+	for _, bi := range blockInfos {
+		meta := bi.Block.Meta()
+
+		if s.MinTime == 0 || meta.MinTime < s.MinTime {
+			s.MinTime = meta.MinTime
+		}
+		if s.MaxTime == 0 || meta.MaxTime > s.MaxTime {
+			s.MaxTime = meta.MaxTime
+		}
+
+		if !c.filter.inRange(meta.MinTime, meta.MaxTime) {
+			s.SkippedBlocks++
+			if bi.Closer != nil {
+				_ = bi.Closer.Close()
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		s.Samples += meta.Stats.NumSamples
+		s.Series += meta.Stats.NumSeries
+		blocksToImport = append(blocksToImport, bi)
+	}
+	if !c.statsPrinted {
+		fmt.Println(s)
+		c.statsPrinted = true
+	}
+	return blocksToImport, nil
+}
+
+// querierSeriesSet wraps a SeriesSet and its underlying Querier, ensuring
+// the querier is closed once the SeriesSet has been fully consumed.
+// This releases the querier's read reference on the block, which is required
+// for Block.Close() to complete without hanging.
+type querierSeriesSet struct {
+	storage.SeriesSet
+	q      storage.Querier
+	closed bool
+}
+
+// Next advances the iterator. When the underlying SeriesSet is exhausted,
+// it closes the querier to release resources.
+func (s *querierSeriesSet) Next() bool {
+	if s.SeriesSet.Next() {
+		return true
+	}
+	if !s.closed {
+		_ = s.q.Close()
+		s.closed = true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Close explicitly closes the underlying querier.
+// This must be called if iteration is stopped early (before Next returns false)
+// to release block read references and prevent Block.Close() from hanging.
+func (s *querierSeriesSet) Close() {
+	if !s.closed {
+		_ = s.q.Close()
+		s.closed = true
+	}
+}
+
+// ClosableSeriesSet extends storage.SeriesSet with a Close method for explicit cleanup.
+type ClosableSeriesSet interface {
+	storage.SeriesSet
+	Close()
+}
+
+// Read reads the given BlockInfo according to configured time and label filters.
+// The returned ClosableSeriesSet automatically closes the underlying querier when fully consumed,
+// but Close() should be called explicitly (e.g., via defer) to handle early returns.
+func (c *Client) Read(bi BlockInfo) (ClosableSeriesSet, error) {
+	minTime, maxTime := bi.Block.Meta().MinTime, bi.Block.Meta().MaxTime
+	if c.filter.min != 0 {
+		minTime = c.filter.min
+	}
+	if c.filter.max != 0 {
+		maxTime = c.filter.max
+	}
+	q, err := tsdb.NewBlockQuerier(bi.Block, minTime, maxTime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	ss := q.Select(
+		context.Background(),
+		false,
+		nil,
+		labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchRegexp, c.filter.label, c.filter.labelValue),
+	)
+	return &querierSeriesSet{
+		SeriesSet: ss,
+		q:         q,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func parseTime(start, end string) (int64, int64, error) {
+	var s, e int64
+	if start == "" && end == "" {
+		return 0, 0, nil
+	}
+	if start != "" {
+		v, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, start)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse %q: %s", start, err)
+		}
+		s = v.UnixNano() / int64(time.Millisecond)
+	}
+	if end != "" {
+		v, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, end)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse %q: %s", end, err)
+		}
+		e = v.UnixNano() / int64(time.Millisecond)
+	}
+	return s, e, nil
+}

app/vmctl/thanos/stats.go

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package thanos
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Stats represents data migration stats for Thanos blocks.
+type Stats struct {
+	Filtered      bool
+	MinTime       int64
+	MaxTime       int64
+	Samples       uint64
+	Series        uint64
+	Blocks        int
+	SkippedBlocks int
+}
+
+// String returns string representation for s.
+func (s Stats) String() string {
+	str := fmt.Sprintf("Thanos snapshot stats:\n"+
+		"  blocks found: %d;\n"+
+		"  blocks skipped by time filter: %d;\n"+
+		"  min time: %d (%v);\n"+
+		"  max time: %d (%v);\n"+
+		"  samples: %d;\n"+
+		"  series: %d.",
+		s.Blocks, s.SkippedBlocks,
+		s.MinTime, time.Unix(s.MinTime/1e3, 0).Format(time.RFC3339),
+		s.MaxTime, time.Unix(s.MaxTime/1e3, 0).Format(time.RFC3339),
+		s.Samples, s.Series)
+
+	if s.Filtered {
+		str += "\n* Stats numbers are based on blocks meta info and don't account for applied filters."
+	}
+
+	return str
+}

app/vmctl/thanos_processor.go

@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/barpool"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/thanos"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/vm"
+)
+
+type thanosProcessor struct {
+	cl *thanos.Client
+	im *vm.Importer
+	cc int
+
+	isVerbose bool
+	aggrTypes []thanos.AggrType
+}
+
+func (tp *thanosProcessor) run(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if len(tp.aggrTypes) == 0 {
+		tp.aggrTypes = thanos.AllAggrTypes
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("Processing blocks with aggregate types: %v", tp.aggrTypes)
+
+	// Use the first aggregate type to explore blocks (block list is the same for all types)
+	blocks, err := tp.cl.Explore(tp.aggrTypes[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("explore failed: %s", err)
+	}
+	if len(blocks) < 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("found no blocks to import")
+	}
+
+	// Separate blocks into raw (resolution=0) and downsampled (resolution>0)
+	var rawBlocks, downsampledBlocks []thanos.BlockInfo
+	for _, block := range blocks {
+		if block.Resolution == thanos.ResolutionRaw {
+			rawBlocks = append(rawBlocks, block)
+		} else {
+			downsampledBlocks = append(downsampledBlocks, block)
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("Found %d raw blocks and %d downsampled blocks", len(rawBlocks), len(downsampledBlocks))
+
+	question := fmt.Sprintf("Found %d blocks to import (%d raw + %d downsampled with %d aggregate types). Continue?",
+		len(blocks), len(rawBlocks), len(downsampledBlocks), len(tp.aggrTypes))
+	if !prompt(ctx, question) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Calculate total number of block processing passes for the progress bar:
+	// raw blocks are processed once, downsampled blocks are processed once per aggregate type.
+	totalPasses := len(rawBlocks) + len(downsampledBlocks)*len(tp.aggrTypes)
+	thanosBlocksTotal.Add(totalPasses)
+	bar := barpool.AddWithTemplate(fmt.Sprintf(barTpl, "Processing blocks"), totalPasses)
+	if err := barpool.Start(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer barpool.Stop()
+
+	tp.im.ResetStats()
+
+	type phaseStats struct {
+		name    string
+		series  uint64
+		samples uint64
+	}
+	var phases []phaseStats
+
+	// Process raw blocks first (no aggregate suffix)
+	if len(rawBlocks) > 0 {
+		log.Println("Processing raw blocks (resolution=0)...")
+		stats, err := tp.processBlocks(rawBlocks, thanos.AggrTypeNone, bar)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("migration failed for raw blocks: %s", err)
+		}
+		phases = append(phases, phaseStats{
+			name:    "raw",
+			series:  stats.series,
+			samples: stats.samples,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Close blocks from the initial Explore. The querierSeriesSet wrapper
+	// has already released all querier read references, so Close won't hang.
+	thanos.CloseBlocks(blocks)
+
+	// Process downsampled blocks for each aggregate type.
+	// Each type needs its own AggrChunkPool, so we reopen blocks per type.
+	for _, aggrType := range tp.aggrTypes {
+		if len(downsampledBlocks) < 1 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		log.Printf("Processing downsampled blocks with aggregate type: %s", aggrType)
+
+		aggrBlocks, err := tp.cl.Explore(aggrType)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("explore failed for aggr type %s: %s", aggrType, err)
+		}
+
+		var downsampledOnly []thanos.BlockInfo
+		for _, block := range aggrBlocks {
+			if block.Resolution != thanos.ResolutionRaw {
+				downsampledOnly = append(downsampledOnly, block)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(downsampledOnly) < 1 {
+			log.Printf("No downsampled blocks found for aggregate type %s, skipping", aggrType)
+			thanos.CloseBlocks(aggrBlocks)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		log.Printf("Processing %d blocks for aggregate type: %s", len(downsampledOnly), aggrType)
+		stats, err := tp.processBlocks(downsampledOnly, aggrType, bar)
+		thanos.CloseBlocks(aggrBlocks)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("migration failed for aggr type %s: %s", aggrType, err)
+		}
+		phases = append(phases, phaseStats{
+			name:    aggrType.String(),
+			series:  stats.series,
+			samples: stats.samples,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Print per-phase and total statistics
+	var totalSeries, totalSamples uint64
+	log.Printf("Migration statistics (%d raw blocks, %d downsampled blocks):", len(rawBlocks), len(downsampledBlocks))
+	for _, p := range phases {
+		log.Printf("  %s: %d series, %d samples", p.name, p.series, p.samples)
+		totalSeries += p.series
+		totalSamples += p.samples
+	}
+	log.Printf("  total: %d series, %d samples", totalSeries, totalSamples)
+
+	// Wait for all buffers to flush
+	tp.im.Close()
+	// Drain import errors channel
+	for vmErr := range tp.im.Errors() {
+		if vmErr.Err != nil {
+			thanosErrorsTotal.Inc()
+			return fmt.Errorf("import process failed: %s", wrapErr(vmErr, tp.isVerbose))
+		}
+	}
+
+	log.Println("Import finished!")
+	log.Println(tp.im.Stats())
+	return nil
+}
+
+// processBlocksStats holds statistics collected during block processing.
+type processBlocksStats struct {
+	blocks  uint64
+	series  uint64
+	samples uint64
+}
+
+func (tp *thanosProcessor) processBlocks(blocks []thanos.BlockInfo, aggrType thanos.AggrType, bar barpool.Bar) (processBlocksStats, error) {
+	blockReadersCh := make(chan thanos.BlockInfo)
+	errCh := make(chan error, tp.cc)
+
+	var processedBlocks, totalSeries, totalSamples uint64
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for i := range tp.cc {
+		workerID := i
+		wg.Go(func() {
+			for bi := range blockReadersCh {
+				seriesCount, samplesCount, err := tp.do(bi, aggrType)
+				if err != nil {
+					thanosErrorsTotal.Inc()
+					errCh <- fmt.Errorf("read failed for block %q with aggr %s: %s", bi.Block.Meta().ULID, aggrType, err)
+					return
+				}
+
+				mu.Lock()
+				processedBlocks++
+				totalSeries += seriesCount
+				totalSamples += samplesCount
+				log.Printf("[Worker %d] Block %s: %d series, %d samples | Total: %d/%d blocks, %d series, %d samples",
+					workerID, bi.Block.Meta().ULID.String()[:8], seriesCount, samplesCount,
+					processedBlocks, len(blocks), totalSeries, totalSamples)
+				mu.Unlock()
+
+				thanosBlocksProcessed.Inc()
+				bar.Increment()
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	// any error breaks the import
+	for _, bi := range blocks {
+		select {
+		case thanosErr := <-errCh:
+			close(blockReadersCh)
+			wg.Wait()
+			return processBlocksStats{}, fmt.Errorf("thanos error: %s", thanosErr)
+		case vmErr := <-tp.im.Errors():
+			close(blockReadersCh)
+			wg.Wait()
+			thanosErrorsTotal.Inc()
+			return processBlocksStats{}, fmt.Errorf("import process failed: %s", wrapErr(vmErr, tp.isVerbose))
+		case blockReadersCh <- bi:
+		}
+	}
+
+	close(blockReadersCh)
+	wg.Wait()
+	close(errCh)
+	for err := range errCh {
+		return processBlocksStats{}, fmt.Errorf("import process failed: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	return processBlocksStats{
+		blocks:  processedBlocks,
+		series:  totalSeries,
+		samples: totalSamples,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (tp *thanosProcessor) do(bi thanos.BlockInfo, aggrType thanos.AggrType) (uint64, uint64, error) {
+	ss, err := tp.cl.Read(bi)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to read block: %s", err)
+	}
+	defer ss.Close() // Ensure querier is closed even on early returns
+
+	var it chunkenc.Iterator
+	var seriesCount, samplesCount uint64
+
+	for ss.Next() {
+		var name string
+		var labelPairs []vm.LabelPair
+		series := ss.At()
+
+		series.Labels().Range(func(label labels.Label) {
+			if label.Name == "__name__" {
+				name = label.Value
+				return
+			}
+			labelPairs = append(labelPairs, vm.LabelPair{
+				Name:  strings.Clone(label.Name),
+				Value: strings.Clone(label.Value),
+			})
+		})
+		if name == "" {
+			return seriesCount, samplesCount, fmt.Errorf("failed to find `__name__` label in labelset for block %v", bi.Block.Meta().ULID)
+		}
+
+		// Add resolution and aggregate type suffix to metric name for downsampled blocks
+		if bi.Resolution != thanos.ResolutionRaw && aggrType != thanos.AggrTypeNone {
+			name = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s:%s", name, bi.Resolution.String(), aggrType.String())
+		}
+
+		var timestamps []int64
+		var values []float64
+		it = series.Iterator(it)
+		for {
+			typ := it.Next()
+			if typ == chunkenc.ValNone {
+				break
+			}
+			if typ != chunkenc.ValFloat {
+				continue
+			}
+			t, v := it.At()
+			timestamps = append(timestamps, t)
+			values = append(values, v)
+		}
+		if err := it.Err(); err != nil {
+			return seriesCount, samplesCount, err
+		}
+
+		samplesCount += uint64(len(timestamps))
+		seriesCount++
+
+		ts := vm.TimeSeries{
+			Name:       name,
+			LabelPairs: labelPairs,
+			Timestamps: timestamps,
+			Values:     values,
+		}
+		if err := tp.im.Input(&ts); err != nil {
+			return seriesCount, samplesCount, err
+		}
+	}
+	return seriesCount, samplesCount, ss.Err()
+}
+
+var (
+	thanosBlocksTotal     = metrics.NewCounter(`vmctl_thanos_migration_blocks_total`)
+	thanosBlocksProcessed = metrics.NewCounter(`vmctl_thanos_migration_blocks_processed`)
+	thanosErrorsTotal     = metrics.NewCounter(`vmctl_thanos_migration_errors_total`)
+)

app/vmselect/netstorage/netstorage.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/fasttime"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/querytracer"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage/metricnamestats"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage/metricsmetadata"
 )
 
@@ -1362,7 +1363,7 @@ func applyGraphiteRegexpFilter(filter string, ss []string) ([]string, error) {
 const maxFastAllocBlockSize = 32 * 1024
 
 // GetMetricNamesStats returns statistic for timeseries metric names usage.
-func GetMetricNamesStats(qt *querytracer.Tracer, limit, le int, matchPattern string) (storage.MetricNamesStatsResponse, error) {
+func GetMetricNamesStats(qt *querytracer.Tracer, limit, le int, matchPattern string) (metricnamestats.StatsResult, error) {
 	qt = qt.NewChild("get metric names usage statistics with limit: %d, less or equal to: %d, match pattern=%q", limit, le, matchPattern)
 	defer qt.Done()
 	return vmstorage.GetMetricNamesStats(qt, limit, le, matchPattern)

app/vmselect/prometheus/export.qtpl

@@ -11,6 +11,16 @@
 
 {% stripspace %}
 
+{% func ExportCSVHeader(fieldNames []string) %}
+	{% if len(fieldNames) == 0 %}{% return %}{% endif %}
+	{%s= fieldNames[0] %}
+	{% for _, fieldName := range fieldNames[1:] %}
+		,
+		{%s= fieldName %}
+	{% endfor %}
+	{% newline %}
+{% endfunc %}
+
 {% func ExportCSVLine(xb *exportBlock, fieldNames []string) %}
 	{% if len(xb.timestamps) == 0 || len(fieldNames) == 0 %}{% return %}{% endif %}
 	{% for i, timestamp := range xb.timestamps %}

app/vmselect/prometheus/export_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage"
+)
+
+func TestExportCSVHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(fieldNames []string, expected string) {
+		t.Helper()
+		got := ExportCSVHeader(fieldNames)
+		if got != expected {
+			t.Fatalf("ExportCSVHeader(%v): got %q; want %q", fieldNames, got, expected)
+		}
+	}
+
+	f(nil, "")
+	f([]string{}, "")
+
+	f([]string{"__value__"}, "__value__\n")
+	f([]string{"__timestamp__"}, "__timestamp__\n")
+	f([]string{"__timestamp__:rfc3339"}, "__timestamp__:rfc3339\n")
+	f([]string{"__name__"}, "__name__\n")
+	f([]string{"job"}, "job\n")
+
+	f([]string{"__timestamp__:rfc3339", "__value__"}, "__timestamp__:rfc3339,__value__\n")
+	f([]string{"__value__", "__timestamp__"}, "__value__,__timestamp__\n")
+	f([]string{"job", "instance"}, "job,instance\n")
+
+	f([]string{"__name__", "__value__", "__timestamp__:unix_s"}, "__name__,__value__,__timestamp__:unix_s\n")
+	f([]string{"job", "instance", "__value__", "__timestamp__:unix_ms"}, "job,instance,__value__,__timestamp__:unix_ms\n")
+	f([]string{"__timestamp__:custom:2006-01-02", "__value__", "host", "dc", "env"},
+		"__timestamp__:custom:2006-01-02,__value__,host,dc,env\n")
+
+	// duplicate fields
+	f([]string{"__value__", "__value__"}, "__value__,__value__\n")
+	f([]string{"__timestamp__", "__timestamp__:rfc3339"}, "__timestamp__,__timestamp__:rfc3339\n")
+}
+
+func TestExportCSVLine(t *testing.T) {
+	localBak := time.Local
+	time.Local = time.UTC
+	defer func() { time.Local = localBak }()
+
+	f := func(mn *storage.MetricName, timestamps []int64, values []float64, fieldNames []string, expected string) {
+		t.Helper()
+		xb := &exportBlock{
+			mn:         mn,
+			timestamps: timestamps,
+			values:     values,
+		}
+		got := ExportCSVLine(xb, fieldNames)
+		if got != expected {
+			t.Fatalf("ExportCSVLine: got %q; want %q", got, expected)
+		}
+	}
+
+	mn := &storage.MetricName{
+		MetricGroup: []byte("cpu_usage"),
+		Tags: []storage.Tag{
+			{Key: []byte("job"), Value: []byte("node")},
+			{Key: []byte("instance"), Value: []byte("localhost:9090")},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// empty inputs
+	f(mn, nil, nil, []string{"__value__"}, "")
+	f(mn, []int64{}, []float64{}, []string{"__value__"}, "")
+	f(mn, []int64{1000}, []float64{1.5}, nil, "")
+	f(mn, []int64{1000}, []float64{1.5}, []string{}, "")
+
+	f(mn, []int64{1000}, []float64{42.5}, []string{"__value__"}, "42.5\n")
+	f(mn, []int64{1704067200000}, []float64{1}, []string{"__timestamp__"}, "1704067200000\n")
+	f(mn, []int64{1704067200000}, []float64{1}, []string{"__timestamp__:unix_s"}, "1704067200\n")
+	f(mn, []int64{1704067200000}, []float64{1}, []string{"__timestamp__:unix_ms"}, "1704067200000\n")
+	f(mn, []int64{1704067200000}, []float64{1}, []string{"__timestamp__:unix_ns"}, "1704067200000000000\n")
+	f(mn, []int64{1704067200000}, []float64{1}, []string{"__timestamp__:rfc3339"}, "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z\n")
+
+	f(mn, []int64{1000}, []float64{1}, []string{"__name__"}, "cpu_usage\n")
+	f(mn, []int64{1000}, []float64{1}, []string{"job"}, "node\n")
+	f(mn, []int64{1000}, []float64{1}, []string{"instance"}, "localhost:9090\n")
+	f(mn, []int64{1000}, []float64{1}, []string{"missing_label"}, "\n")
+
+	// multiple fields
+	f(mn, []int64{1704067200000}, []float64{99.9},
+		[]string{"__timestamp__:unix_s", "__value__", "job"},
+		"1704067200,99.9,node\n")
+
+	// multiple rows
+	f(mn, []int64{1000, 2000}, []float64{1.1, 2.2},
+		[]string{"__value__", "__timestamp__"},
+		"1.1,1000\n2.2,2000\n")
+	f(mn, []int64{1000, 2000, 3000}, []float64{10, 20, 30},
+		[]string{"__timestamp__:unix_s", "__value__"},
+		"1,10\n2,20\n3,30\n")
+
+	// escaping for special characters in tag values
+	f(&storage.MetricName{
+		MetricGroup: []byte("m"),
+		Tags:        []storage.Tag{{Key: []byte("desc"), Value: []byte("a,b")}},
+	}, []int64{1000}, []float64{1}, []string{"desc"}, "\"a,b\"\n")
+
+	f(&storage.MetricName{
+		MetricGroup: []byte("m"),
+		Tags:        []storage.Tag{{Key: []byte("desc"), Value: []byte(`say "hello"`)}},
+	}, []int64{1000}, []float64{1}, []string{"desc"}, "\"say \\\"hello\\\"\"\n")
+
+	f(&storage.MetricName{
+		MetricGroup: []byte("m"),
+		Tags:        []storage.Tag{{Key: []byte("desc"), Value: []byte("line1\nline2")}},
+	}, []int64{1000}, []float64{1}, []string{"desc"}, "\"line1\\nline2\"\n")
+
+	// header and data line field counts must match
+	fieldNames := []string{"__name__", "job", "instance", "__value__", "__timestamp__:unix_s"}
+	header := ExportCSVHeader(fieldNames)
+	line := ExportCSVLine(&exportBlock{
+		mn:         mn,
+		timestamps: []int64{1704067200000},
+		values:     []float64{99.9},
+	}, fieldNames)
+	headerCommas := strings.Count(header, ",")
+	lineCommas := strings.Count(line, ",")
+	if headerCommas != lineCommas {
+		t.Fatalf("header has %d commas, data line has %d commas", headerCommas, lineCommas)
+	}
+	if headerCommas != len(fieldNames)-1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d commas in header, got %d", len(fieldNames)-1, headerCommas)
+	}
+}

app/vmselect/prometheus/prometheus.go

@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ func ExportCSVHandler(startTime time.Time, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Reques
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/csv; charset=utf-8")
 	bw := bufferedwriter.Get(w)
 	defer bufferedwriter.Put(bw)
+	WriteExportCSVHeader(bw, fieldNames)
 	sw := newScalableWriter(bw)
 	writeCSVLine := func(xb *exportBlock, workerID uint) error {
 		if len(xb.timestamps) == 0 {

app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {% import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/querytracer"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage/metricnamestats"
 ) %}
 
 {% stripspace %}
@@ -34,9 +35,9 @@ TSDBStatusResponse generates response for /api/v1/status/tsdb .
 ]
 {% endfunc %}
 
-{% func tsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(a []storage.TopHeapEntry, queryStats []storage.MetricNamesStatsRecord) %}
+{% func tsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(a []storage.TopHeapEntry, queryStats []metricnamestats.StatRecord) %}
 {% code
-  queryStatsByMetricName := make(map[string]storage.MetricNamesStatsRecord,len(queryStats))
+  queryStatsByMetricName := make(map[string]metricnamestats.StatRecord,len(queryStats))
   for _, record := range queryStats{
       queryStatsByMetricName[record.MetricName] = record
     }

app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl.go

@@ -8,228 +8,229 @@ package prometheus
 import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/querytracer"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage/metricnamestats"
 )
 
 // TSDBStatusResponse generates response for /api/v1/status/tsdb .
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:8
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:9
 import (
 	qtio422016 "io"
 
 	qt422016 "github.com/valyala/quicktemplate"
 )
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:8
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:9
 var (
 	_ = qtio422016.Copy
 	_ = qt422016.AcquireByteBuffer
 )
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:8
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:9
 func StreamTSDBStatusResponse(qw422016 *qt422016.Writer, status *storage.TSDBStatus, qt *querytracer.Tracer) {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:8
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:9
 	qw422016.N().S(`{"status":"success","data":{"totalSeries":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:12
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:13
 	qw422016.N().DUL(status.TotalSeries)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:12
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:13
 	qw422016.N().S(`,"totalLabelValuePairs":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:13
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:14
 	qw422016.N().DUL(status.TotalLabelValuePairs)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:13
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:14
 	qw422016.N().S(`,"seriesCountByMetricName":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:14
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:15
 	streamtsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(qw422016, status.SeriesCountByMetricName, status.SeriesQueryStatsByMetricName)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:14
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:15
 	qw422016.N().S(`,"seriesCountByLabelName":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:15
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:16
 	streamtsdbStatusEntries(qw422016, status.SeriesCountByLabelName)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:15
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:16
 	qw422016.N().S(`,"seriesCountByFocusLabelValue":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:16
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:17
 	streamtsdbStatusEntries(qw422016, status.SeriesCountByFocusLabelValue)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:16
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:17
 	qw422016.N().S(`,"seriesCountByLabelValuePair":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:17
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:18
 	streamtsdbStatusEntries(qw422016, status.SeriesCountByLabelValuePair)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:17
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:18
 	qw422016.N().S(`,"labelValueCountByLabelName":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:18
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:19
 	streamtsdbStatusEntries(qw422016, status.LabelValueCountByLabelName)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:18
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:19
 	qw422016.N().S(`}`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:20
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:21
 	qt.Done()
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:21
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:22
 	streamdumpQueryTrace(qw422016, qt)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:21
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:22
 	qw422016.N().S(`}`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 }
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 func WriteTSDBStatusResponse(qq422016 qtio422016.Writer, status *storage.TSDBStatus, qt *querytracer.Tracer) {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 	qw422016 := qt422016.AcquireWriter(qq422016)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 	StreamTSDBStatusResponse(qw422016, status, qt)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 	qt422016.ReleaseWriter(qw422016)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 }
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 func TSDBStatusResponse(status *storage.TSDBStatus, qt *querytracer.Tracer) string {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 	qb422016 := qt422016.AcquireByteBuffer()
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 	WriteTSDBStatusResponse(qb422016, status, qt)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 	qs422016 := string(qb422016.B)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 	qt422016.ReleaseByteBuffer(qb422016)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 	return qs422016
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:23
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:24
 }
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:25
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:26
 func streamtsdbStatusEntries(qw422016 *qt422016.Writer, a []storage.TopHeapEntry) {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:25
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:26
 	qw422016.N().S(`[`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:27
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:28
 	for i, e := range a {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:27
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:28
 		qw422016.N().S(`{"name":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:29
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:30
 		qw422016.N().Q(e.Name)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:29
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:30
 		qw422016.N().S(`,"value":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:30
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:31
 		qw422016.N().D(int(e.Count))
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:30
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:31
 		qw422016.N().S(`}`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:32
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:33
 		if i+1 < len(a) {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:32
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:33
 			qw422016.N().S(`,`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:32
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:33
 		}
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:33
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:34
 	}
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:33
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:34
 	qw422016.N().S(`]`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 }
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 func writetsdbStatusEntries(qq422016 qtio422016.Writer, a []storage.TopHeapEntry) {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 	qw422016 := qt422016.AcquireWriter(qq422016)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 	streamtsdbStatusEntries(qw422016, a)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 	qt422016.ReleaseWriter(qw422016)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 }
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 func tsdbStatusEntries(a []storage.TopHeapEntry) string {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 	qb422016 := qt422016.AcquireByteBuffer()
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 	writetsdbStatusEntries(qb422016, a)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 	qs422016 := string(qb422016.B)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 	qt422016.ReleaseByteBuffer(qb422016)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 	return qs422016
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:35
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:36
 }
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:37
-func streamtsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(qw422016 *qt422016.Writer, a []storage.TopHeapEntry, queryStats []storage.MetricNamesStatsRecord) {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:39
-	queryStatsByMetricName := make(map[string]storage.MetricNamesStatsRecord, len(queryStats))
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:38
+func streamtsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(qw422016 *qt422016.Writer, a []storage.TopHeapEntry, queryStats []metricnamestats.StatRecord) {
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:40
+	queryStatsByMetricName := make(map[string]metricnamestats.StatRecord, len(queryStats))
 	for _, record := range queryStats {
 		queryStatsByMetricName[record.MetricName] = record
 	}
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:43
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:44
 	qw422016.N().S(`[`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:45
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:46
 	for i, e := range a {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:45
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:46
 		qw422016.N().S(`{`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:48
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:49
 		entry, ok := queryStatsByMetricName[e.Name]
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:49
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:50
 		qw422016.N().S(`"name":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:50
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:51
 		qw422016.N().Q(e.Name)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:50
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:51
 		qw422016.N().S(`,`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:51
-		if !ok {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:51
-			qw422016.N().S(`"value":`)
 //line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:52
-			qw422016.N().D(int(e.Count))
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:53
-		} else {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:53
+		if !ok {
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:52
 			qw422016.N().S(`"value":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:54
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:53
 			qw422016.N().D(int(e.Count))
 //line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:54
+		} else {
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:54
+			qw422016.N().S(`"value":`)
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:55
+			qw422016.N().D(int(e.Count))
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:55
 			qw422016.N().S(`,"requestsCount":`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:55
-			qw422016.N().D(int(entry.RequestsCount))
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:55
-			qw422016.N().S(`,"lastRequestTimestamp":`)
 //line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:56
+			qw422016.N().D(int(entry.RequestsCount))
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:56
+			qw422016.N().S(`,"lastRequestTimestamp":`)
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:57
 			qw422016.N().D(int(entry.LastRequestTs))
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:57
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:58
 		}
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:57
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:58
 		qw422016.N().S(`}`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:59
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:60
 		if i+1 < len(a) {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:59
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:60
 			qw422016.N().S(`,`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:59
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:60
 		}
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:60
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:61
 	}
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:60
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:61
 	qw422016.N().S(`]`)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 }
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
-func writetsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(qq422016 qtio422016.Writer, a []storage.TopHeapEntry, queryStats []storage.MetricNamesStatsRecord) {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
+func writetsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(qq422016 qtio422016.Writer, a []storage.TopHeapEntry, queryStats []metricnamestats.StatRecord) {
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 	qw422016 := qt422016.AcquireWriter(qq422016)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 	streamtsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(qw422016, a, queryStats)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 	qt422016.ReleaseWriter(qw422016)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 }
 
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
-func tsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(a []storage.TopHeapEntry, queryStats []storage.MetricNamesStatsRecord) string {
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
+func tsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(a []storage.TopHeapEntry, queryStats []metricnamestats.StatRecord) string {
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 	qb422016 := qt422016.AcquireByteBuffer()
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 	writetsdbStatusMetricNameEntries(qb422016, a, queryStats)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 	qs422016 := string(qb422016.B)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 	qt422016.ReleaseByteBuffer(qb422016)
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 	return qs422016
-//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:62
+//line app/vmselect/prometheus/tsdb_status_response.qtpl:63
 }

app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 {% import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/querytracer"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage/metricnamestats"
 ) %}
 
 {% stripspace %}
 MetricNamesStatsResponse generates response for /api/v1/status/metric_names_stats .
-{% func MetricNamesStatsResponse(stats *storage.MetricNamesStatsResponse, qt *querytracer.Tracer) %}
+{% func MetricNamesStatsResponse(stats *metricnamestats.StatsResult, qt *querytracer.Tracer) %}
 {
 	"status":"success",
   "statsCollectedSince": {%dul= stats.CollectedSinceTs %},

app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package stats
 //line app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl:1
 import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/querytracer"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage/metricnamestats"
 )
 
 // MetricNamesStatsResponse generates response for /api/v1/status/metric_names_stats .
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ var (
 )
 
 //line app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl:8
-func StreamMetricNamesStatsResponse(qw422016 *qt422016.Writer, stats *storage.MetricNamesStatsResponse, qt *querytracer.Tracer) {
+func StreamMetricNamesStatsResponse(qw422016 *qt422016.Writer, stats *metricnamestats.StatsResult, qt *querytracer.Tracer) {
 //line app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl:8
 	qw422016.N().S(`{"status":"success","statsCollectedSince":`)
 //line app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl:11
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func StreamMetricNamesStatsResponse(qw422016 *qt422016.Writer, stats *storage.Me
 }
 
 //line app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl:31
-func WriteMetricNamesStatsResponse(qq422016 qtio422016.Writer, stats *storage.MetricNamesStatsResponse, qt *querytracer.Tracer) {
+func WriteMetricNamesStatsResponse(qq422016 qtio422016.Writer, stats *metricnamestats.StatsResult, qt *querytracer.Tracer) {
 //line app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl:31
 	qw422016 := qt422016.AcquireWriter(qq422016)
 //line app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl:31
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ func WriteMetricNamesStatsResponse(qq422016 qtio422016.Writer, stats *storage.Me
 }
 
 //line app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl:31
-func MetricNamesStatsResponse(stats *storage.MetricNamesStatsResponse, qt *querytracer.Tracer) string {
+func MetricNamesStatsResponse(stats *metricnamestats.StatsResult, qt *querytracer.Tracer) string {
 //line app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl:31
 	qb422016 := qt422016.AcquireByteBuffer()
 //line app/vmselect/stats/metric_names_usage_response.qtpl:31

app/vmselect/vmui/index.html

@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@
   <meta property="og:title" content="UI for VictoriaMetrics">
   <meta property="og:url" content="https://victoriametrics.com/">
   <meta property="og:description" content="Explore and troubleshoot your VictoriaMetrics data">
-  <script type="module" crossorigin src="./assets/index-KEOgEEMl.js"></script>
+  <script type="module" crossorigin src="./assets/index-C24BPpD_.js"></script>
   <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="./assets/rolldown-runtime-COnpUsM8.js">
-  <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="./assets/vendor-Mr0bmX1E.js">
+  <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="./assets/vendor-BWBgVCcr.js">
   <link rel="stylesheet" crossorigin href="./assets/vendor-CnsZ1jie.css">
   <link rel="stylesheet" crossorigin href="./assets/index-D2OEy8Ra.css">
 </head>

app/vmstorage/main.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/mergeset"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/querytracer"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage/metricnamestats"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage/metricsmetadata"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/stringsutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/syncwg"
@@ -55,11 +57,13 @@ var (
 	denyQueriesOutsideRetention = flag.Bool("denyQueriesOutsideRetention", false, "Whether to deny queries outside the configured -retentionPeriod. "+
 		"When set, then /api/v1/query_range would return '503 Service Unavailable' error for queries with 'from' value outside -retentionPeriod. "+
 		"This may be useful when multiple data sources with distinct retentions are hidden behind query-tee")
-	maxHourlySeries = flag.Int("storage.maxHourlySeries", 0, "The maximum number of unique series can be added to the storage during the last hour. "+
+	maxHourlySeries = flag.Int64("storage.maxHourlySeries", 0, "The maximum number of unique series can be added to the storage during the last hour. "+
 		"Excess series are logged and dropped. This can be useful for limiting series cardinality. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/single-server-victoriametrics/#cardinality-limiter . "+
+		fmt.Sprintf("Setting this flag to '-1' sets limit to maximum possible value (%d) which is useful in order to enable series tracking without enforcing limits. ", math.MaxInt32)+
 		"See also -storage.maxDailySeries")
-	maxDailySeries = flag.Int("storage.maxDailySeries", 0, "The maximum number of unique series can be added to the storage during the last 24 hours. "+
+	maxDailySeries = flag.Int64("storage.maxDailySeries", 0, "The maximum number of unique series can be added to the storage during the last 24 hours. "+
 		"Excess series are logged and dropped. This can be useful for limiting series churn rate. See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/single-server-victoriametrics/#cardinality-limiter . "+
+		fmt.Sprintf("Setting this flag to '-1' sets limit to maximum possible value (%d) which is useful in order to enable series tracking without enforcing limits. ", math.MaxInt32)+
 		"See also -storage.maxHourlySeries")
 
 	minFreeDiskSpaceBytes = flagutil.NewBytes("storage.minFreeDiskSpaceBytes", 100e6, "The minimum free disk space at -storageDataPath after which the storage stops accepting new data")
@@ -141,8 +145,8 @@ func Init(resetCacheIfNeeded func(mrs []storage.MetricRow)) {
 	WG = syncwg.WaitGroup{}
 	opts := storage.OpenOptions{
 		Retention:             retentionPeriod.Duration(),
-		MaxHourlySeries:       *maxHourlySeries,
-		MaxDailySeries:        *maxDailySeries,
+		MaxHourlySeries:       getMaxHourlySeries(),
+		MaxDailySeries:        getMaxDailySeries(),
 		DisablePerDayIndex:    *disablePerDayIndex,
 		TrackMetricNamesStats: *trackMetricNamesStats,
 		IDBPrefillStart:       *idbPrefillStart,
@@ -233,7 +237,7 @@ func DeleteSeries(qt *querytracer.Tracer, tfss []*storage.TagFilters, maxMetrics
 }
 
 // GetMetricNamesStats returns metric names usage stats with give limit and lte predicate
-func GetMetricNamesStats(qt *querytracer.Tracer, limit, le int, matchPattern string) (storage.MetricNamesStatsResponse, error) {
+func GetMetricNamesStats(qt *querytracer.Tracer, limit, le int, matchPattern string) (metricnamestats.StatsResult, error) {
 	WG.Add(1)
 	r := Storage.GetMetricNamesStats(qt, limit, le, matchPattern)
 	WG.Done()
@@ -602,10 +606,10 @@ func writeStorageMetrics(w io.Writer, strg *storage.Storage) {
 	metrics.WriteCounterUint64(w, `vm_rows_ignored_total{reason="big_timestamp"}`, m.TooBigTimestampRows)
 	metrics.WriteCounterUint64(w, `vm_rows_ignored_total{reason="small_timestamp"}`, m.TooSmallTimestampRows)
 	metrics.WriteCounterUint64(w, `vm_rows_ignored_total{reason="invalid_raw_metric_name"}`, m.InvalidRawMetricNames)
-	if *maxHourlySeries > 0 {
+	if getMaxHourlySeries() > 0 {
 		metrics.WriteCounterUint64(w, `vm_rows_ignored_total{reason="hourly_limit_exceeded"}`, m.HourlySeriesLimitRowsDropped)
 	}
-	if *maxDailySeries > 0 {
+	if getMaxDailySeries() > 0 {
 		metrics.WriteCounterUint64(w, `vm_rows_ignored_total{reason="daily_limit_exceeded"}`, m.DailySeriesLimitRowsDropped)
 	}
 
@@ -615,13 +619,13 @@ func writeStorageMetrics(w io.Writer, strg *storage.Storage) {
 	metrics.WriteCounterUint64(w, `vm_slow_row_inserts_total`, m.SlowRowInserts)
 	metrics.WriteCounterUint64(w, `vm_slow_per_day_index_inserts_total`, m.SlowPerDayIndexInserts)
 
-	if *maxHourlySeries > 0 {
+	if getMaxHourlySeries() > 0 {
 		metrics.WriteGaugeUint64(w, `vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series`, m.HourlySeriesLimitCurrentSeries)
 		metrics.WriteGaugeUint64(w, `vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series`, m.HourlySeriesLimitMaxSeries)
 		metrics.WriteCounterUint64(w, `vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total`, m.HourlySeriesLimitRowsDropped)
 	}
 
-	if *maxDailySeries > 0 {
+	if getMaxDailySeries() > 0 {
 		metrics.WriteGaugeUint64(w, `vm_daily_series_limit_current_series`, m.DailySeriesLimitCurrentSeries)
 		metrics.WriteGaugeUint64(w, `vm_daily_series_limit_max_series`, m.DailySeriesLimitMaxSeries)
 		metrics.WriteCounterUint64(w, `vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total`, m.DailySeriesLimitRowsDropped)
@@ -746,3 +750,21 @@ func jsonResponseError(w http.ResponseWriter, err error) {
 	errStr := err.Error()
 	fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"status":"error","msg":%s}`, stringsutil.JSONString(errStr))
 }
+
+func getMaxHourlySeries() int {
+	limit := *maxHourlySeries
+	if limit == -1 || limit > math.MaxInt32 {
+		return math.MaxInt32
+	}
+
+	return int(limit)
+}
+
+func getMaxDailySeries() int {
+	limit := *maxDailySeries
+	if limit == -1 || limit > math.MaxInt32 {
+		return math.MaxInt32
+	}
+
+	return int(limit)
+}

app/vmui/Dockerfile-web

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM golang:1.26.1 AS build-web-stage
+FROM golang:1.26.2 AS build-web-stage
 COPY build /build
 
 WORKDIR /build

app/vmui/packages/vmui/package-lock.json

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
         "react-input-mask": "^2.0.4",
         "react-router-dom": "^7.13.2",
         "uplot": "^1.6.32",
-        "vite": "^8.0.2",
+        "vite": "^8.0.7",
         "web-vitals": "^5.1.0"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
@@ -903,25 +903,27 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@napi-rs/wasm-runtime": {
-      "version": "1.1.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@napi-rs/wasm-runtime/-/wasm-runtime-1.1.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-p64ah1M1ld8xjWv3qbvFwHiFVWrq1yFvV4f7w+mzaqiR4IlSgkqhcRdHwsGgomwzBH51sRY4NEowLxnaBjcW/A==",
+      "version": "1.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@napi-rs/wasm-runtime/-/wasm-runtime-1.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-sNXv5oLJ7ob93xkZ1XnxisYhGYXfaG9f65/ZgYuAu3qt7b3NadcOEhLvx28hv31PgX8SZJRYrAIPQilQmFpLVw==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@emnapi/core": "^1.7.1",
-        "@emnapi/runtime": "^1.7.1",
         "@tybys/wasm-util": "^0.10.1"
       },
       "funding": {
         "type": "github",
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/Brooooooklyn"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "@emnapi/core": "^1.7.1",
+        "@emnapi/runtime": "^1.7.1"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@oxc-project/types": {
-      "version": "0.122.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@oxc-project/types/-/types-0.122.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-oLAl5kBpV4w69UtFZ9xqcmTi+GENWOcPF7FCrczTiBbmC0ibXxCwyvZGbO39rCVEuLGAZM84DH0pUIyyv/YJzA==",
+      "version": "0.123.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@oxc-project/types/-/types-0.123.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-YtECP/y8Mj1lSHiUWGSRzy/C6teUKlS87dEfuVKT09LgQbUsBW1rNg+MiJ4buGu3yuADV60gbIvo9/HplA56Ew==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "funding": {
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/Boshen"
@@ -1050,9 +1052,6 @@
       "cpu": [
         "arm"
       ],
-      "libc": [
-        "glibc"
-      ],
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
       "os": [
@@ -1073,9 +1072,6 @@
       "cpu": [
         "arm"
       ],
-      "libc": [
-        "musl"
-      ],
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
       "os": [
@@ -1096,9 +1092,6 @@
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
-      "libc": [
-        "glibc"
-      ],
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
       "os": [
@@ -1119,9 +1112,6 @@
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
-      "libc": [
-        "musl"
-      ],
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
       "os": [
@@ -1142,9 +1132,6 @@
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
-      "libc": [
-        "glibc"
-      ],
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
       "os": [
@@ -1165,9 +1152,6 @@
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
-      "libc": [
-        "musl"
-      ],
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
       "os": [
@@ -1334,9 +1318,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@rolldown/binding-android-arm64": {
-      "version": "1.0.0-rc.11",
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       "optional": true,
       "os": [
@@ -6539,7 +6489,6 @@
       "cpu": [
         "riscv64"
       ],
-      "libc": "glibc",
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
       "os": [
@@ -6556,7 +6505,6 @@
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
-      "libc": "glibc",
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
       "os": [
@@ -7382,15 +7330,15 @@
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/vite": {
-      "version": "8.0.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vite/-/vite-8.0.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-1gFhNi+bHhRE/qKZOJXACm6tX4bA3Isy9KuKF15AgSRuRazNBOJfdDemPBU16/mpMxApDPrWvZ08DcLPEoRnuA==",
+      "version": "8.0.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vite/-/vite-8.0.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-P1PbweD+2/udplnThz3btF4cf6AgPky7kk23RtHUkJIU5BIxwPprhRGmOAHs6FTI7UiGbTNrgNP6jSYD6JaRnw==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "lightningcss": "^1.32.0",
-        "picomatch": "^4.0.3",
+        "picomatch": "^4.0.4",
         "postcss": "^8.5.8",
-        "rolldown": "1.0.0-rc.11",
+        "rolldown": "1.0.0-rc.13",
         "tinyglobby": "^0.2.15"
       },
       "bin": {
@@ -7408,7 +7356,7 @@
       "peerDependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0",
         "@vitejs/devtools": "^0.1.0",
-        "esbuild": "^0.27.0",
+        "esbuild": "^0.27.0 || ^0.28.0",
         "jiti": ">=1.21.0",
         "less": "^4.0.0",
         "sass": "^1.70.0",

app/vmui/packages/vmui/package.json

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     "react-input-mask": "^2.0.4",
     "react-router-dom": "^7.13.2",
     "uplot": "^1.6.32",
-    "vite": "^8.0.2",
+    "vite": "^8.0.7",
     "web-vitals": "^5.1.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/api/query-range.ts

@@ -16,23 +16,29 @@ export const getExportDataUrl = (server: string, query: string, period: TimePara
   return `${server}/api/v1/export?${params}`;
 };
 
-export const getExportCSVDataUrl = (server: string, query: string[], period: TimeParams, reduceMemUsage: boolean): string => {
+const getBaseParams = (period: TimeParams, query: string[]): URLSearchParams => {
   const params = new URLSearchParams({
     start: period.start.toString(),
     end: period.end.toString(),
-    format: "__name__,__value__,__timestamp__:unix_ms",
   });
   query.forEach((q => params.append("match[]", q)));
+  return params;
+};
+
+export const getLabelsUrl = (server: string, query: string[], period: TimeParams): string => {
+  const params = getBaseParams(period, query);
+  return `${server}/api/v1/labels?${params}`;
+};
+
+export const getExportCSVDataUrl = (server: string, query: string[], period: TimeParams, reduceMemUsage: boolean, format: string): string => {
+  const params = getBaseParams(period, query);
+  params.set("format", format);
   if (reduceMemUsage) params.set("reduce_mem_usage", "1");
   return `${server}/api/v1/export/csv?${params}`;
 };
 
 export const getExportJSONDataUrl = (server: string, query: string[], period: TimeParams, reduceMemUsage: boolean): string => {
-  const params = new URLSearchParams({
-    start: period.start.toString(),
-    end: period.end.toString(),
-  });
-  query.forEach((q => params.append("match[]", q)));
+  const params = getBaseParams(period, query);
   if (reduceMemUsage) params.set("reduce_mem_usage", "1");
   return `${server}/api/v1/export?${params}`;
 };

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/api/raw-query.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { fetchRawQueryCSVExport } from "./raw-query";
+
+describe("fetchRawQueryCSVExport", () => {
+  it.skip("requests all label columns before exporting CSV data", async () => {
+    const fetchMock = vi.fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        ok: true,
+        json: async () => ({ data: ["job", "__name__", "instance"] }),
+      })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        ok: true,
+        text: async () => "up,localhost:9100,node_exporter,1,1710000000000",
+      });
+
+    const result = await fetchRawQueryCSVExport(
+      "http://localhost:8428",
+      ["up"],
+      { start: 1710000000, end: 1710000300, step: "15s", date: "2024-03-09T16:05:00Z" },
+      false,
+      fetchMock as unknown as typeof fetch,
+    );
+
+    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    expect(fetchMock.mock.calls[0][0]).toBe("http://localhost:8428/api/v1/labels?start=1710000000&end=1710000300&match%5B%5D=up");
+    expect(fetchMock.mock.calls[1][0]).toBe("http://localhost:8428/api/v1/export/csv?start=1710000000&end=1710000300&match%5B%5D=up&format=__name__%2Cinstance%2Cjob%2C__value__%2C__timestamp__%3Aunix_ms");
+    expect(result).toBe("up,localhost:9100,node_exporter,1,1710000000000");
+  });
+});

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/api/raw-query.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { getExportCSVDataUrl, getLabelsUrl } from "./query-range";
+import { TimeParams } from "../types";
+import { getCSVExportColumns } from "../utils/csv";
+
+interface LabelsResponse {
+  data?: string[];
+}
+
+export const fetchRawQueryCSVExport = async (
+  serverUrl: string,
+  query: string[],
+  period: TimeParams,
+  reduceMemUsage: boolean,
+  fetchFn: typeof fetch = fetch,
+): Promise<string> => {
+  const labelsResponse = await fetchFn(getLabelsUrl(serverUrl, query, period));
+  if (!labelsResponse.ok) {
+    throw new Error(await labelsResponse.text());
+  }
+
+  const { data = [] } = (await labelsResponse.json()) as LabelsResponse;
+  const columns = getCSVExportColumns(data);
+  const format = columns.join(",");
+
+  const response = await fetchFn(getExportCSVDataUrl(serverUrl, query, period, reduceMemUsage, format));
+  if (!response.ok) {
+    throw new Error(await response.text());
+  }
+
+  return await response.text();
+};

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/RawQueryPage/hooks/useFetchExport.ts

@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ import { useTimeState } from "../../../state/time/TimeStateContext";
 import { useAppState } from "../../../state/common/StateContext";
 import { useCustomPanelState } from "../../../state/customPanel/CustomPanelStateContext";
 import { isValidHttpUrl } from "../../../utils/url";
-import { getExportCSVDataUrl, getExportDataUrl, getExportJSONDataUrl } from "../../../api/query-range";
+import { getExportDataUrl, getExportJSONDataUrl } from "../../../api/query-range";
 import { parseLineToJSON } from "../../../utils/json";
 import { downloadCSV, downloadJSON } from "../../../utils/file";
 import { useSnack } from "../../../contexts/Snackbar";
+import { fetchRawQueryCSVExport } from "../../../api/raw-query";
 
 interface FetchQueryParams {
   hideQuery?: number[];
@@ -67,11 +68,8 @@ export const useFetchExport = ({ hideQuery, showAllSeries }: FetchQueryParams):
     const getFilename = (format: ExportFormats) => `vmui_export_${query.join("_")}_${period.start}_${period.end}.${format}`;
     return {
       csv: async () => {
-        const url = getExportCSVDataUrl(serverUrl, query, period, reduceMemUsage);
-        const response = await fetch(url);
         try {
-          let text = await response.text();
-          text = "name,value,timestamp\n" + text;
+          const text = await fetchRawQueryCSVExport(serverUrl, query, period, reduceMemUsage);
           downloadCSV(text, getFilename("csv"));
         } catch (e) {
           console.error(e);

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/utils/csv.test.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
-import { formatValueToCSV } from "./csv";
+import { formatValueToCSV, getCSVExportColumns } from "./csv";
 
 describe("formatValueToCSV", () => {
   it("should wrap value in quotes if it contains a comma", () => {
@@ -32,3 +32,10 @@ describe("formatValueToCSV", () => {
     expect(result).toBe("");
   });
 });
+
+describe("getCSVExportColumns", () => {
+  it("should prepend metric name and append value and timestamp columns", () => {
+    const result = getCSVExportColumns(["instance", "__name__", "job", "instance"]);
+    expect(result.join(",")).toEqual("__name__,instance,job,__value__,__timestamp__:unix_ms");
+  });
+});

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/utils/csv.ts

@@ -2,3 +2,8 @@ export const formatValueToCSV= (value: string) =>
   (value.includes(",") || value.includes("\n") || value.includes("\""))
     ? "\"" + value.replace(/"/g, "\"\"") + "\""
     : value;
+
+export const getCSVExportColumns = (labelNames: string[]) => {
+  const labels = Array.from(new Set(labelNames.filter((label) => label && label !== "__name__"))).sort();
+  return ["__name__", ...labels, "__value__", "__timestamp__:unix_ms"];
+};

apptest/model.go

@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ type QueryOpts struct {
 	MaxLookback    string
 	LatencyOffset  string
 	Format         string
+	NoCache        string
 }
 
 func (qos *QueryOpts) asURLValues() url.Values {
@@ -112,6 +113,7 @@ func (qos *QueryOpts) asURLValues() url.Values {
 	addNonEmpty("max_lookback", qos.MaxLookback)
 	addNonEmpty("latency_offset", qos.LatencyOffset)
 	addNonEmpty("format", qos.Format)
+	addNonEmpty("nocache", qos.NoCache)
 
 	return uv
 }

apptest/testcase.go

@@ -87,11 +87,11 @@ func (tc *TestCase) MustStartDefaultVmsingle() *Vmsingle {
 }
 
 // MustStartVmsingle is a test helper function that starts an instance of
-// vmsingle located at ../../bin/victoria-metrics and fails the test if the app
+// vmsingle located at ../../bin/victoria-metrics-race and fails the test if the app
 // fails to start.
 func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmsingle(instance string, flags []string) *Vmsingle {
 	tc.t.Helper()
-	return tc.MustStartVmsingleAt(instance, "../../bin/victoria-metrics", flags)
+	return tc.MustStartVmsingleAt(instance, "../../bin/victoria-metrics-race", flags)
 }
 
 // MustStartVmsingleAt is a test helper function that starts an instance of
@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmsingleAt(instance, binary string, flags []string)
 }
 
 // MustStartVmstorage is a test helper function that starts an instance of
-// vmstorage located at ../../bin/vmstorage and fails the test if the app fails
+// vmstorage located at ../../bin/vmstorage-race and fails the test if the app fails
 // to start.
 func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmstorage(instance string, flags []string) *Vmstorage {
 	tc.t.Helper()
-	return tc.MustStartVmstorageAt(instance, "../../bin/vmstorage", flags)
+	return tc.MustStartVmstorageAt(instance, "../../bin/vmstorage-race", flags)
 }
 
 // MustStartVmstorageAt is a test helper function that starts an instance of
@@ -293,12 +293,12 @@ func (tc *TestCase) MustStartCluster(opts *ClusterOptions) *Vmcluster {
 	tc.t.Helper()
 
 	if opts.Vmstorage1Binary == "" {
-		opts.Vmstorage1Binary = "../../bin/vmstorage"
+		opts.Vmstorage1Binary = "../../bin/vmstorage-race"
 	}
 	vmstorage1 := tc.MustStartVmstorageAt(opts.Vmstorage1Instance, opts.Vmstorage1Binary, opts.Vmstorage1Flags)
 
 	if opts.Vmstorage2Binary == "" {
-		opts.Vmstorage2Binary = "../../bin/vmstorage"
+		opts.Vmstorage2Binary = "../../bin/vmstorage-race"
 	}
 	vmstorage2 := tc.MustStartVmstorageAt(opts.Vmstorage2Instance, opts.Vmstorage2Binary, opts.Vmstorage2Flags)
 

apptest/tests/backup_restore_test.go

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ func TestSingleBackupRestore(t *testing.T) {
 			return tc.MustStartVmsingle("vmsingle", []string{
 				"-storageDataPath=" + storageDataPath,
 				"-retentionPeriod=100y",
-				"-search.maxStalenessInterval=1m",
 			})
 		},
 		stopSUT: func() {
@@ -70,9 +69,7 @@ func TestClusterBackupRestore(t *testing.T) {
 				VminsertInstance: "vminsert",
 				VminsertFlags:    []string{},
 				VmselectInstance: "vmselect",
-				VmselectFlags: []string{
-					"-search.maxStalenessInterval=1m",
-				},
+				VmselectFlags:    []string{},
 			})
 		},
 		stopSUT: func() {
@@ -100,15 +97,14 @@ func TestClusterBackupRestore(t *testing.T) {
 func testBackupRestore(tc *apptest.TestCase, opts testBackupRestoreOpts) {
 	t := tc.T()
 
-	const msecPerMinute = 60 * 1000
-	genData := func(count int, prefix string, start int64) (recs []string, wantSeries []map[string]string, wantQueryResults []*apptest.QueryResult) {
+	genData := func(count int, prefix string, start, step int64) (recs []string, wantSeries []map[string]string, wantQueryResults []*apptest.QueryResult) {
 		recs = make([]string, count)
 		wantSeries = make([]map[string]string, count)
 		wantQueryResults = make([]*apptest.QueryResult, count)
 		for i := range count {
 			name := fmt.Sprintf("%s_%03d", prefix, i)
 			value := float64(i)
-			timestamp := start + int64(i)*msecPerMinute
+			timestamp := start + int64(i)*step
 
 			recs[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%s %f %d", name, value, timestamp)
 			wantSeries[i] = map[string]string{"__name__": name}
@@ -148,15 +144,17 @@ func testBackupRestore(tc *apptest.TestCase, opts testBackupRestoreOpts) {
 
 	// assertSeries retrieves all data from the storage and compares it with the
 	// expected result.
-	assertQueryResults := func(app apptest.PrometheusQuerier, query string, start, end int64, want []*apptest.QueryResult) {
+	assertQueryResults := func(app apptest.PrometheusQuerier, query string, start, end, step int64, want []*apptest.QueryResult) {
 		t.Helper()
 		tc.Assert(&apptest.AssertOptions{
 			Msg: "unexpected /api/v1/query_range response",
 			Got: func() any {
 				return app.PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange(t, query, apptest.QueryOpts{
-					Start: fmt.Sprintf("%d", start),
-					End:   fmt.Sprintf("%d", end),
-					Step:  "60s",
+					Start:       fmt.Sprintf("%d", start),
+					End:         fmt.Sprintf("%d", end),
+					Step:        fmt.Sprintf("%dms", step),
+					MaxLookback: fmt.Sprintf("%dms", step-1),
+					NoCache:     "1",
 				})
 			},
 			Want: &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{
@@ -167,7 +165,6 @@ func testBackupRestore(tc *apptest.TestCase, opts testBackupRestoreOpts) {
 				},
 			},
 			FailNow: true,
-			Retries: 300,
 		})
 	}
 
@@ -194,8 +191,9 @@ func testBackupRestore(tc *apptest.TestCase, opts testBackupRestoreOpts) {
 	// below.
 	const numMetrics = 1000
 	// With 1000 metrics (one per minute), the time range spans 2 months.
-	end := time.Date(2025, 3, 1, 10, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC).UnixMilli()
-	start := end - numMetrics*msecPerMinute
+	start := time.Date(2025, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC).UnixMilli()
+	end := time.Date(2025, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC).UnixMilli()
+	step := (end - start) / numMetrics
 
 	// Verify backup/restore:
 	//
@@ -209,8 +207,8 @@ func testBackupRestore(tc *apptest.TestCase, opts testBackupRestoreOpts) {
 	// - Start vmsingle
 	// - Ensure that the queries return batch1 data only.
 
-	batch1Data, wantBatch1Series, wantBatch1QueryResults := genData(numMetrics, "batch1", start)
-	batch2Data, wantBatch2Series, wantBatch2QueryResults := genData(numMetrics, "batch2", start)
+	batch1Data, wantBatch1Series, wantBatch1QueryResults := genData(numMetrics, "batch1", start, step)
+	batch2Data, wantBatch2Series, wantBatch2QueryResults := genData(numMetrics, "batch2", start, step)
 	wantBatch12Series := slices.Concat(wantBatch1Series, wantBatch2Series)
 	wantBatch12QueryResults := slices.Concat(wantBatch1QueryResults, wantBatch2QueryResults)
 
@@ -219,13 +217,14 @@ func testBackupRestore(tc *apptest.TestCase, opts testBackupRestoreOpts) {
 	sut.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, batch1Data, apptest.QueryOpts{})
 	sut.ForceFlush(t)
 	assertSeries(sut, `{__name__=~"batch1.*"}`, start, end, wantBatch1Series)
-	assertQueryResults(sut, `{__name__=~"batch1.*"}`, start, end, wantBatch1QueryResults)
+	assertQueryResults(sut, `{__name__=~"batch1.*"}`, start, end, step, wantBatch1QueryResults)
+
 	createBackup(sut, "batch1")
 
 	sut.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, batch2Data, apptest.QueryOpts{})
 	sut.ForceFlush(t)
 	assertSeries(sut, `{__name__=~"batch(1|2).*"}`, start, end, wantBatch12Series)
-	assertQueryResults(sut, `{__name__=~"batch(1|2).*"}`, start, end, wantBatch12QueryResults)
+	assertQueryResults(sut, `{__name__=~"batch(1|2).*"}`, start, end, step, wantBatch12QueryResults)
 	createBackup(sut, "batch12")
 
 	opts.stopSUT()
@@ -235,5 +234,5 @@ func testBackupRestore(tc *apptest.TestCase, opts testBackupRestoreOpts) {
 	sut = opts.startSUT()
 
 	assertSeries(sut, `{__name__=~"batch1.*"}`, start, end, wantBatch1Series)
-	assertQueryResults(sut, `{__name__=~"batch1.*"}`, start, end, wantBatch1QueryResults)
+	assertQueryResults(sut, `{__name__=~"batch1.*"}`, start, end, step, wantBatch1QueryResults)
 }

apptest/tests/ingestprotocols_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package tests
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
@@ -297,6 +299,132 @@ func TestSingleIngestionProtocols(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
+func TestSingleCardinalityLimiter(t *testing.T) {
+	waitFor := func(f func() bool) {
+		const (
+			retries = 20
+			period  = 100 * time.Millisecond
+		)
+
+		t.Helper()
+
+		for i := 0; i < retries; i++ {
+			if f() {
+				return
+			}
+			time.Sleep(period)
+		}
+		t.Fatalf("timed out waiting for retry #%d", retries)
+	}
+
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	singleHourly := tc.MustStartVmsingle("vmsingle-hourly", []string{
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+		"-storage.maxHourlySeries=1",
+	})
+
+	singleHourly.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	if v := singleHourly.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := singleHourly.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := singleHourly.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	singleHourly.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar2 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	waitFor(
+		func() bool {
+			return singleHourly.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total") > 0
+		},
+	)
+
+	singleDaily := tc.MustStartVmsingle("vmsingle-daily", []string{
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+		"-storage.maxDailySeries=1",
+	})
+
+	singleDaily.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	if v := singleDaily.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_max_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := singleDaily.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_current_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := singleDaily.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	singleDaily.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar2 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	waitFor(
+		func() bool {
+			return singleDaily.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total") > 0
+		},
+	)
+
+	singleUnlimited := tc.MustStartVmsingle("vmsingle-unlimited", []string{
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+		"-storage.maxHourlySeries=-1",
+		"-storage.maxDailySeries=-1",
+	})
+	metrics := make([]string, 0, 100)
+	for i := range 100 {
+		metrics = append(metrics, fmt.Sprintf("foo_bar%d 1 1652169600000", i)) // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}
+
+	singleUnlimited.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, metrics, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	waitFor(
+		func() bool {
+			return singleUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series") > 0
+		},
+	)
+
+	if v := singleUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series"); v == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := singleUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series"); v != 100 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := singleUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := singleUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_max_series"); v == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := singleUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_current_series"); v != 100 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := singleUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestClusterIngestionProtocols(t *testing.T) {
 	fs.MustRemoveDir(t.Name())
 	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
@@ -591,3 +719,145 @@ func TestClusterIngestionProtocols(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 }
+
+func TestClusterCardinalityLimiter(t *testing.T) {
+	waitFor := func(f func() bool) {
+		const (
+			retries = 20
+			period  = 100 * time.Millisecond
+		)
+
+		t.Helper()
+
+		for i := 0; i < retries; i++ {
+			if f() {
+				return
+			}
+			time.Sleep(period)
+		}
+		t.Fatalf("timed out waiting for retry #%d", retries)
+	}
+
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	// Test hourly series limit
+	vmstorageHourly := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage-hourly", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage-hourly",
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+		"-storage.maxHourlySeries=1",
+	})
+	vminsertHourly := tc.MustStartVminsert("vminsert-hourly", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorageHourly.VminsertAddr(),
+	})
+
+	vminsertHourly.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	if v := vmstorageHourly.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmstorageHourly.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmstorageHourly.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	vminsertHourly.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar2 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	waitFor(
+		func() bool {
+			return vmstorageHourly.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total") > 0
+		},
+	)
+
+	// Test daily series limit
+	vmstorageDaily := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage-daily", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage-daily",
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+		"-storage.maxDailySeries=1",
+	})
+	vminsertDaily := tc.MustStartVminsert("vminsert-daily", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorageDaily.VminsertAddr(),
+	})
+
+	vminsertDaily.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	if v := vmstorageDaily.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_max_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmstorageDaily.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_current_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmstorageDaily.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	vminsertDaily.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar2 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	waitFor(
+		func() bool {
+			return vmstorageDaily.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total") > 0
+		},
+	)
+
+	// Test unlimited series
+	vmstorageUnlimited := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage-unlimited", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage-unlimited",
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+		"-storage.maxHourlySeries=-1",
+		"-storage.maxDailySeries=-1",
+	})
+	vminsertUnlimited := tc.MustStartVminsert("vminsert-unlimited", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorageUnlimited.VminsertAddr(),
+	})
+
+	metrics := make([]string, 0, 100)
+	for i := range 100 {
+		metrics = append(metrics, fmt.Sprintf("foo_bar%d 1 1652169600000", i)) // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}
+
+	vminsertUnlimited.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, metrics, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	waitFor(
+		func() bool {
+			return vmstorageUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series") > 0
+		},
+	)
+
+	if v := vmstorageUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series"); v == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmstorageUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series"); v != 100 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmstorageUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmstorageUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_max_series"); v == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmstorageUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_current_series"); v != 100 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmstorageUnlimited.GetIntMetric(t, "vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vm_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+}

apptest/tests/multilevel_test.go

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ package tests
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math/rand/v2"
+	"net"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
 )
@@ -70,3 +72,162 @@ func TestClusterMultilevelSelect(t *testing.T) {
 	assertSeries(vmselectL1)
 	assertSeries(vmselectL2)
 }
+
+// See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/10678.
+func TestClusterMultilevelPartialResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+	// Set up the following multi-level cluster configuration:
+	//
+	//				  			     				|--> available vmstorage
+	//					 	  |	------> vmselect1 --|
+	//						  |	     				|--> available vmstorage
+	// global-vmselect -------|
+	//				  		  |	     				|--> available vmstorage
+	// 					 	  |	------> vmselect2 --|
+	//						  	     				|--> unavailable vmstorage
+
+	vmstorage1 := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage1", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage1",
+	})
+	vmstorage2 := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage2", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage2",
+	})
+	regionalVmselect1 := tc.MustStartVmselect("regional-vmselect1", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorage1.VmselectAddr() + "," + vmstorage2.VmselectAddr(),
+	})
+	regionalVmselect2 := tc.MustStartVmselect("regional-vmselect2", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorage1.VmselectAddr() + "," + noopTCPServerAddr(t),
+	})
+	globalVmselect := tc.MustStartVmselect("global-vmselect", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + regionalVmselect1.ClusternativeListenAddr() + "," + regionalVmselect2.ClusternativeListenAddr(),
+	})
+
+	// 1. /api/v1/query
+	qopts := apptest.QueryOpts{Tenant: "0"}
+	assertQuery := func(app *apptest.Vmselect, want *apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse) {
+		t.Helper()
+		tc.Assert(&apptest.AssertOptions{
+			Msg: "unexpected /api/v1/query response",
+			Got: func() any {
+				res := app.PrometheusAPIV1Query(t, `{__name__=~".*"}`, qopts)
+				res.Sort()
+				return res
+			},
+			Want: want,
+		})
+	}
+	// regional-vmselect1 should return full response.
+	assertQuery(regionalVmselect1, &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: false,
+		Data:      &apptest.QueryData{ResultType: "vector", Result: []*apptest.QueryResult{}},
+	})
+	// regional-vmselect2 should return partial response.
+	assertQuery(regionalVmselect2, &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: true,
+		Data:      &apptest.QueryData{ResultType: "vector", Result: []*apptest.QueryResult{}},
+	})
+	// global-vmselect should return partial response.
+	assertQuery(globalVmselect, &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: true,
+		Data:      &apptest.QueryData{ResultType: "vector", Result: []*apptest.QueryResult{}},
+	})
+
+	// 2. /api/v1/labels
+	start := time.Now().Unix()
+	assertLabel := func(app *apptest.Vmselect, want *apptest.PrometheusAPIV1LabelsResponse) {
+		t.Helper()
+		tc.Assert(&apptest.AssertOptions{
+			Msg: "unexpected /api/v1/label response",
+
+			Got: func() any {
+				res := app.PrometheusAPIV1Labels(t, `{__name__="up"}`, apptest.QueryOpts{
+					Start: fmt.Sprintf("%d", start-100),
+					End:   fmt.Sprintf("%d", start),
+				})
+				return res
+			},
+			Want: want,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// regional-vmselect1 should return full response.
+	assertLabel(regionalVmselect1, &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1LabelsResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: false,
+		Data:      make([]string, 0),
+	})
+	// regional-vmselect2 should return partial response.
+	assertLabel(regionalVmselect2, &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1LabelsResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: true,
+		Data:      make([]string, 0),
+	})
+	// global-vmselect should return partial response.
+	assertLabel(globalVmselect, &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1LabelsResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: true,
+		Data:      make([]string, 0),
+	})
+
+	// 3. /api/v1/label/%s/values
+	assertSeries := func(app *apptest.Vmselect, want *apptest.PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse) {
+		t.Helper()
+		tc.Assert(&apptest.AssertOptions{
+			Msg: "unexpected /api/v1/series response",
+
+			Got: func() any {
+				res := app.PrometheusAPIV1Series(t, `{__name__="up"}`, apptest.QueryOpts{
+					Start: fmt.Sprintf("%d", start-100),
+					End:   fmt.Sprintf("%d", start),
+				})
+				return res
+			},
+			Want: want,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// regional-vmselect1 should return full response.
+	assertSeries(regionalVmselect1, &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: false,
+		Data:      make([]map[string]string, 0),
+	})
+	// regional-vmselect2 should return partial response.
+	assertSeries(regionalVmselect2, &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: true,
+		Data:      make([]map[string]string, 0),
+	})
+	// global-vmselect should return partial response.
+	assertSeries(globalVmselect, &apptest.PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse{
+		Status:    "success",
+		IsPartial: true,
+		Data:      make([]map[string]string, 0),
+	})
+}
+
+// noopTCPServerAddr start local tcp server,
+// which immediately closes any incoming connections
+// and return it's address
+func noopTCPServerAddr(t *testing.T) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create listener: %v", err)
+	}
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			conn, err := ln.Accept()
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			conn.Close()
+		}
+	}()
+	t.Cleanup(func() { ln.Close() })
+	return ln.Addr().String()
+}

apptest/tests/testdata/thanos-snapshot/01KKS78P6B68DNJC87ZVPRGC3X/meta.json

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+	"compaction": {
+		"level": 1,
+		"sources": [
+			"01KKS78P6B68DNJC87ZVPRGC3X"
+		]
+	},
+	"maxTime": 1735696740001,
+	"minTime": 1735689600000,
+	"stats": {
+		"numChunks": 8,
+		"numFloatSamples": 480,
+		"numSamples": 480,
+		"numSeries": 4
+	},
+	"thanos": {
+		"downsample": {
+			"resolution": 0
+		},
+		"labels": {
+			"prometheus": "test",
+			"replica": "0"
+		},
+		"source": "prometheus"
+	},
+	"ulid": "01KKS78P6B68DNJC87ZVPRGC3X",
+	"version": 1
+}

apptest/tests/testdata/thanos-snapshot/01KKS78PKKR6BQ0SQ5BARRTAKC/meta.json

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+	"compaction": {
+		"level": 1,
+		"sources": [
+			"01KKS78PKKR6BQ0SQ5BARRTAKC"
+		]
+	},
+	"maxTime": 1735696500001,
+	"minTime": 1735689600000,
+	"stats": {
+		"numChunks": 4,
+		"numSamples": 4,
+		"numSeries": 4
+	},
+	"thanos": {
+		"downsample": {
+			"resolution": 300000
+		},
+		"labels": {
+			"prometheus": "test",
+			"replica": "0"
+		},
+		"source": "prometheus"
+	},
+	"ulid": "01KKS78PKKR6BQ0SQ5BARRTAKC",
+	"version": 1
+}

apptest/tests/testdata/thanos-snapshot/01KKS78PXE91TK8YX406DERWV2/meta.json

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+	"compaction": {
+		"level": 1,
+		"sources": [
+			"01KKS78PXE91TK8YX406DERWV2"
+		]
+	},
+	"maxTime": 1735693200001,
+	"minTime": 1735689600000,
+	"stats": {
+		"numChunks": 4,
+		"numSamples": 4,
+		"numSeries": 4
+	},
+	"thanos": {
+		"downsample": {
+			"resolution": 3600000
+		},
+		"labels": {
+			"prometheus": "test",
+			"replica": "0"
+		},
+		"source": "prometheus"
+	},
+	"ulid": "01KKS78PXE91TK8YX406DERWV2",
+	"version": 1
+}

apptest/tests/vmagent_remotewrite_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package tests
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"strings"
@@ -304,6 +305,11 @@ func TestSingleVMAgentDropOnOverload(t *testing.T) {
 		// See initRemoteWriteCtxs function in remotewrite.go for details.
 		"-remoteWrite.maxRowsPerBlock=1000000000",
 		"-remoteWrite.tmpDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmagent",
+
+		// Delay retry logic to avoid race conditions with waitFor assertions.
+		// It improves the test stability on resource-constrained runners.
+		// Should be bigger than retries * period
+		"-remoteWrite.retryMinInterval=3s",
 	}, ``)
 
 	const (
@@ -362,3 +368,147 @@ func TestSingleVMAgentDropOnOverload(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	)
 }
+
+func TestSingleVMAgentCardinalityLimiter(t *testing.T) {
+	waitFor := func(f func() bool) {
+		const (
+			retries = 20
+			period  = 100 * time.Millisecond
+		)
+
+		t.Helper()
+
+		for i := 0; i < retries; i++ {
+			if f() {
+				return
+			}
+			time.Sleep(period)
+		}
+		t.Fatalf("timed out waiting for retry #%d", retries)
+	}
+
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	remoteWriteSrv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+	}))
+	defer remoteWriteSrv.Close()
+
+	// Verify hourly limit is applied
+	vmagent := tc.MustStartVmagent("vmagent-hourly", []string{
+		`-remoteWrite.flushInterval=50ms`,
+		fmt.Sprintf(`-remoteWrite.url=%s/api/v1/write`, remoteWriteSrv.URL),
+		"-remoteWrite.maxRowsPerBlock=1",
+		"-remoteWrite.maxHourlySeries=1",
+		"-remoteWrite.tmpDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmagent-hourly",
+	}, ``)
+
+	vmagent.APIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	if v := vmagent.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_hourly_series_limit_max_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_hourly_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmagent.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_hourly_series_limit_current_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_hourly_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmagent.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	vmagent.APIV1ImportPrometheusNoWaitFlush(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar2 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	waitFor(
+		func() bool {
+			return vmagent.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total") > 0
+		},
+	)
+
+	// Daily limits
+	vmagent2 := tc.MustStartVmagent("vmagent-daily", []string{
+		`-remoteWrite.flushInterval=50ms`,
+		fmt.Sprintf(`-remoteWrite.url=%s/api/v1/write`, remoteWriteSrv.URL),
+		"-remoteWrite.maxRowsPerBlock=1",
+		"-remoteWrite.maxDailySeries=1",
+		"-remoteWrite.tmpDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmagent-daily",
+	}, ``)
+
+	vmagent2.APIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	if v := vmagent2.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_daily_series_limit_max_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_daily_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmagent2.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_daily_series_limit_current_series"); v != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_daily_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmagent2.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	vmagent2.APIV1ImportPrometheusNoWaitFlush(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar2 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	waitFor(
+		func() bool {
+			return vmagent2.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total") > 0
+		},
+	)
+
+	// test running with unlimited tracker
+	vmagent3 := tc.MustStartVmagent("vmagent-unlimited", []string{
+		`-remoteWrite.flushInterval=50ms`,
+		fmt.Sprintf(`-remoteWrite.url=%s/api/v1/write`, remoteWriteSrv.URL),
+		"-remoteWrite.maxRowsPerBlock=10",
+		"-remoteWrite.maxDailySeries=-1",
+		"-remoteWrite.maxHourlySeries=-1",
+		"-remoteWrite.tmpDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmagent-unlimited",
+	}, ``)
+
+	metrics := make([]string, 0, 100)
+	for i := range 100 {
+		metrics = append(metrics, fmt.Sprintf("foo_bar%d 1 1652169600000", i)) // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}
+
+	vmagent3.APIV1ImportPrometheusNoWaitFlush(t, metrics, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	waitFor(
+		func() bool {
+			return vmagent3.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_hourly_series_limit_current_series") > 0
+		},
+	)
+
+	if v := vmagent3.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_hourly_series_limit_max_series"); v != math.MaxInt32 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_hourly_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmagent3.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_hourly_series_limit_current_series"); v != 100 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_hourly_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmagent3.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_hourly_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmagent3.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_daily_series_limit_max_series"); v != math.MaxInt32 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_daily_series_limit_max_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmagent3.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_daily_series_limit_current_series"); v != 100 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_daily_series_limit_current_series value: %d", v)
+	}
+
+	if v := vmagent3.GetIntMetric(t, "vmagent_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total"); v != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected vmagent_daily_series_limit_rows_dropped_total value: %d", v)
+	}
+}

apptest/tests/vmctl_thanos_migration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/fs"
+)
+
+const (
+	// thanosSnapshot contains both raw (resolution=0) and downsampled (resolution>0) blocks
+	// with Thanos metadata in meta.json.
+	thanosSnapshot = "./testdata/thanos-snapshot"
+
+	// thanosExpectedAllAggrResponse is the expected response when all aggregate types are imported
+	// (default behavior without --thanos-aggr-types flag).
+	thanosExpectedAllAggrResponse = "./testdata/thanos-snapshot/expected_all_aggr_response.json"
+
+	// thanosExpectedFilteredAggrResponse is the expected response when only specific aggregate
+	// types are imported via --thanos-aggr-types flag.
+	thanosExpectedFilteredAggrResponse = "./testdata/thanos-snapshot/expected_filtered_aggr_response.json"
+
+	// thanosQueryFilter is the PromQL query to select the test metrics.
+	thanosQueryFilter = `{__name__=~"thanos_test.*"}`
+
+	// thanosQueryTimeStart and thanosQueryTimeEnd define the time range for querying imported data.
+	thanosQueryTimeStart = "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z"
+	thanosQueryTimeEnd   = "2025-01-01T02:00:00Z"
+)
+
+// TestSingleVmctlThanosMigrationAllAggr tests migration of Thanos blocks without
+// --thanos-aggr-types flag. All aggregate types should be imported by default.
+func TestSingleVmctlThanosMigrationAllAggr(t *testing.T) {
+	fs.MustRemoveDir(t.Name())
+
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	vmsingleDst := tc.MustStartDefaultVmsingle()
+	vmAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", vmsingleDst.HTTPAddr())
+	vmctlFlags := []string{
+		`thanos`,
+		`--thanos-snapshot=` + thanosSnapshot,
+		`--vm-addr=` + vmAddr,
+		`--disable-progress-bar=true`,
+	}
+
+	testThanosMigration(tc, vmsingleDst, vmctlFlags, thanosExpectedAllAggrResponse)
+}
+
+// TestClusterVmctlThanosMigrationAllAggr tests migration of Thanos blocks to cluster
+// without --thanos-aggr-types flag. All aggregate types should be imported by default.
+func TestClusterVmctlThanosMigrationAllAggr(t *testing.T) {
+	fs.MustRemoveDir(t.Name())
+
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	cluster := tc.MustStartDefaultCluster()
+	vmAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", cluster.Vminsert.HTTPAddr())
+	vmctlFlags := []string{
+		`thanos`,
+		`--thanos-snapshot=` + thanosSnapshot,
+		`--vm-addr=` + vmAddr,
+		`--disable-progress-bar=true`,
+		`--vm-account-id=0`,
+	}
+
+	testThanosMigration(tc, cluster, vmctlFlags, thanosExpectedAllAggrResponse)
+}
+
+// TestSingleVmctlThanosMigrationFilteredAggr tests migration of Thanos blocks with
+// --thanos-aggr-types flag set to specific types (e.g., count,sum).
+func TestSingleVmctlThanosMigrationFilteredAggr(t *testing.T) {
+	fs.MustRemoveDir(t.Name())
+
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	vmsingleDst := tc.MustStartDefaultVmsingle()
+	vmAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", vmsingleDst.HTTPAddr())
+	vmctlFlags := []string{
+		`thanos`,
+		`--thanos-snapshot=` + thanosSnapshot,
+		`--vm-addr=` + vmAddr,
+		`--disable-progress-bar=true`,
+		`--thanos-aggr-types=count`,
+		`--thanos-aggr-types=sum`,
+	}
+
+	testThanosMigration(tc, vmsingleDst, vmctlFlags, thanosExpectedFilteredAggrResponse)
+}
+
+// TestClusterVmctlThanosMigrationFilteredAggr tests migration of Thanos blocks to cluster
+// with --thanos-aggr-types flag set to specific types (e.g., count,sum).
+func TestClusterVmctlThanosMigrationFilteredAggr(t *testing.T) {
+	fs.MustRemoveDir(t.Name())
+
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	cluster := tc.MustStartDefaultCluster()
+	vmAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", cluster.Vminsert.HTTPAddr())
+	vmctlFlags := []string{
+		`thanos`,
+		`--thanos-snapshot=` + thanosSnapshot,
+		`--vm-addr=` + vmAddr,
+		`--disable-progress-bar=true`,
+		`--vm-account-id=0`,
+		`--thanos-aggr-types=count`,
+		`--thanos-aggr-types=sum`,
+	}
+
+	testThanosMigration(tc, cluster, vmctlFlags, thanosExpectedFilteredAggrResponse)
+}
+
+func testThanosMigration(tc *apptest.TestCase, sut apptest.PrometheusWriteQuerier, vmctlFlags []string, expectedFile string) {
+	t := tc.T()
+	t.Helper()
+
+	cmpOpt := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{}, "Status", "Data.ResultType")
+
+	// Verify no data exists before migration
+	got := sut.PrometheusAPIV1Query(t, thanosQueryFilter, apptest.QueryOpts{
+		Step: "5m",
+		Time: thanosQueryTimeStart,
+	})
+
+	want := apptest.NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t, `{"data":{"result":[]}}`)
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got, cmpOpt); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected response before migration (-want, +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+
+	// Run vmctl migration
+	tc.MustStartVmctl("vmctl", vmctlFlags)
+
+	sut.ForceFlush(t)
+
+	// Load expected response
+	file, err := os.Open(expectedFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cannot open expected response file: %s", err)
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+
+	bytes, err := io.ReadAll(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cannot read expected response file: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	var wantResponse apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(bytes, &wantResponse); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cannot unmarshal expected response file: %s", err)
+	}
+	wantResponse.Sort()
+
+	tc.Assert(&apptest.AssertOptions{
+		Retries: 300,
+		Msg:     "unexpected metrics stored after Thanos migration",
+		Got: func() any {
+			result := sut.PrometheusAPIV1Export(t, thanosQueryFilter, apptest.QueryOpts{
+				Start: thanosQueryTimeStart,
+				End:   thanosQueryTimeEnd,
+			})
+			result.Sort()
+			return result.Data.Result
+		},
+		Want: wantResponse.Data.Result,
+		CmpOpts: []cmp.Option{
+			cmpopts.IgnoreFields(apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{}, "Status", "Data.ResultType"),
+		},
+	})
+}

apptest/vmagent.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func StartVmagent(instance string, flags []string, cli *Client, promScrapeConfig
 		httpListenAddrRE,
 	}
 
-	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmagent", flags, &appOptions{
+	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmagent-race", flags, &appOptions{
 		defaultFlags: map[string]string{
 			"-httpListenAddr":          "127.0.0.1:0",
 			"-promscrape.config":       promScrapeConfigFilePath,

apptest/vmauth.go

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func StartVmauth(instance string, flags []string, cli *Client, configFilePath st
 		httpBuilitinListenAddrRE,
 	}
 
-	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmauth", flags, &appOptions{
+	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmauth-race", flags, &appOptions{
 		defaultFlags: map[string]string{
 			"-httpListenAddr": "127.0.0.1:0",
 			"-auth.config":    configFilePath,

apptest/vmbackup.go

@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ func StartVmbackup(instance, storageDataPath, snapshotCreateURL, dst string, out
 		"-snapshot.createURL=" + snapshotCreateURL,
 		"-dst=" + dst,
 	}
-	_, _, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmbackup", flags, &appOptions{wait: true, output: output})
+	_, _, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmbackup-race", flags, &appOptions{wait: true, output: output})
 	return err
 }

apptest/vmctl.go

@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ import "io"
 
 // StartVmctl starts an instance of vmctl cli with the given flags
 func StartVmctl(instance string, flags []string, output io.Writer) error {
-	_, _, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmctl", flags, &appOptions{wait: true, output: output})
+	_, _, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmctl-race", flags, &appOptions{wait: true, output: output})
 	return err
 }

apptest/vminsert.go

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func StartVminsert(instance string, flags []string, cli *Client, output io.Write
 		extractREs = append(extractREs, regexp.MustCompile(logRecord))
 	}
 
-	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vminsert", flags, &appOptions{
+	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vminsert-race", flags, &appOptions{
 		defaultFlags: map[string]string{
 			"-httpListenAddr":                              "127.0.0.1:0",
 			"-clusternativeListenAddr":                     "127.0.0.1:0",
@@ -237,8 +237,22 @@ func (app *Vminsert) PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t *testing.T, records []str
 	data := []byte(strings.Join(records, "\n"))
 	var recordsCount int
 	var metadataRecords int
+	uniqueMetadataMetricNames := make(map[string]struct{})
 	for _, record := range records {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(record, "#") {
+		// metric metadata has the following format:
+		//# HELP importprometheus_series
+		//# TYPE importprometheus_series
+		// it results into single metadata record
+		if strings.HasPrefix(record, "# ") {
+			metadataItems := strings.Split(record, " ")
+			if len(metadataItems) < 2 {
+				t.Fatalf("BUG: unexpected metadata format=%q", record)
+			}
+			metricName := metadataItems[2]
+			if _, ok := uniqueMetadataMetricNames[metricName]; ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			uniqueMetadataMetricNames[metricName] = struct{}{}
 			metadataRecords++
 			continue
 		}

apptest/vmrestore.go

@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ func StartVmrestore(instance, src, storageDataPath string, output io.Writer) err
 		"-src=" + src,
 		"-storageDataPath=" + storageDataPath,
 	}
-	_, _, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmrestore", flags, &appOptions{wait: true, output: output})
+	_, _, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmrestore-race", flags, &appOptions{wait: true, output: output})
 	return err
 }

apptest/vmselect.go

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ type Vmselect struct {
 // sets the default flags and populates the app instance state with runtime
 // values extracted from the application log (such as httpListenAddr)
 func StartVmselect(instance string, flags []string, cli *Client, output io.Writer) (*Vmselect, error) {
-	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmselect", flags, &appOptions{
+	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmselect-race", flags, &appOptions{
 		defaultFlags: map[string]string{
 			"-httpListenAddr":          "127.0.0.1:0",
 			"-clusternativeListenAddr": "127.0.0.1:0",

codecov.yml

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# see https://docs.codecov.com/docs/common-recipe-list#set-non-blocking-status-checks
-coverage:
-  status:
-    project:
-      default:
-        informational: true
-    patch:
-      default:
-        informational: true

dashboards/alert-statistics.json

@@ -119,7 +119,8 @@
             "mode": "absolute",
             "steps": [
               {
-                "color": "green"
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
               },
               {
                 "color": "yellow",
@@ -199,7 +200,8 @@
             "mode": "absolute",
             "steps": [
               {
-                "color": "green"
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
               }
             ]
           }
@@ -208,14 +210,14 @@
       },
       "gridPos": {
         "h": 4,
-        "w": 9,
+        "w": 6,
         "x": 0,
         "y": 14
       },
       "id": 5,
       "options": {
-        "colorMode": "value",
-        "graphMode": "area",
+        "colorMode": "none",
+        "graphMode": "none",
         "justifyMode": "auto",
         "orientation": "auto",
         "percentChangeColorMode": "standard",
@@ -257,7 +259,7 @@
         "type": "prometheus",
         "uid": "$ds"
       },
-      "description": "",
+      "description": "Shows the total number of loaded alerting rules across selected instances and groups.",
       "fieldConfig": {
         "defaults": {
           "mappings": [],
@@ -266,7 +268,8 @@
             "mode": "absolute",
             "steps": [
               {
-                "color": "green"
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
               }
             ]
           }
@@ -275,11 +278,11 @@
       },
       "gridPos": {
         "h": 4,
-        "w": 7,
-        "x": 9,
+        "w": 6,
+        "x": 6,
         "y": 14
       },
-      "id": 4,
+      "id": 8,
       "options": {
         "colorMode": "value",
         "graphMode": "area",
@@ -320,6 +323,144 @@
       "title": "Alerting rules",
       "type": "stat"
     },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "$ds"
+      },
+      "description": "Shows the total number of pendings alerts in selected instances and grouping groups.",
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "mappings": [],
+          "min": 0,
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "yellow",
+                "value": 0
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 4,
+        "w": 6,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 14
+      },
+      "id": 9,
+      "options": {
+        "colorMode": "value",
+        "graphMode": "area",
+        "justifyMode": "auto",
+        "orientation": "auto",
+        "percentChangeColorMode": "standard",
+        "reduceOptions": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "last"
+          ],
+          "fields": "",
+          "values": false
+        },
+        "showPercentChange": false,
+        "text": {
+          "valueSize": 80
+        },
+        "textMode": "auto",
+        "wideLayout": true
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "${ds}"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": false,
+          "expr": "sum(vmalert_alerts_pending{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$instance\",group=~\"$group\"})",
+          "instant": false,
+          "interval": "",
+          "legendFormat": "",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Alerting pending",
+      "type": "stat"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "$ds"
+      },
+      "description": "Shows the total number of firing alerts in selected instances and grouping groups.",
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "mappings": [],
+          "min": 0,
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 0
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 4,
+        "w": 6,
+        "x": 18,
+        "y": 14
+      },
+      "id": 10,
+      "options": {
+        "colorMode": "value",
+        "graphMode": "area",
+        "justifyMode": "auto",
+        "orientation": "auto",
+        "percentChangeColorMode": "standard",
+        "reduceOptions": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "last"
+          ],
+          "fields": "",
+          "values": false
+        },
+        "showPercentChange": false,
+        "text": {
+          "valueSize": 80
+        },
+        "textMode": "auto",
+        "wideLayout": true
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "${ds}"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "exemplar": false,
+          "expr": "sum(vmalert_alerts_firing{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$instance\",group=~\"$group\"})",
+          "instant": false,
+          "interval": "",
+          "legendFormat": "",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Alerting firing",
+      "type": "stat"
+    },
     {
       "datasource": {
         "type": "prometheus",
@@ -332,6 +473,9 @@
             "cellOptions": {
               "type": "auto"
             },
+            "footer": {
+              "reducers": []
+            },
             "inspect": false
           },
           "mappings": [],
@@ -339,7 +483,8 @@
             "mode": "absolute",
             "steps": [
               {
-                "color": "green"
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
               },
               {
                 "color": "red",
@@ -352,7 +497,7 @@
           {
             "matcher": {
               "id": "byName",
-              "options": "Count (sum)"
+              "options": "Count"
             },
             "properties": [
               {
@@ -372,20 +517,12 @@
       "id": 2,
       "options": {
         "cellHeight": "sm",
-        "footer": {
-          "countRows": false,
-          "fields": "",
-          "reducer": [
-            "sum"
-          ],
-          "show": false
-        },
         "frameIndex": 1,
         "showHeader": true,
         "sortBy": [
           {
             "desc": true,
-            "displayName": "Count (sum)"
+            "displayName": "Count"
           }
         ]
       },
@@ -398,7 +535,7 @@
           },
           "editorMode": "code",
           "exemplar": false,
-          "expr": "topk_max(100, sum(increases_over_time(vmalert_alerts_firing{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$instance\",group=~\"$group\"}[$__range])) by(group, alertname) > 0)",
+          "expr": "topk_max(100, sum(increases_over_time(vmalert_alerts_firing{job=~\"$job\",instance=~\"$instance\",group=~\"$group\"}[$__range])) by(group) > 0)",
           "format": "table",
           "instant": true,
           "key": "Q-3934f0fb-8ad6-4519-a98d-c26d0fc6b312-0",
@@ -414,8 +551,9 @@
           "options": {
             "excludeByName": {
               "Time": true,
-              "alertname": false
+              "alertname": true
             },
+            "includeByName": {},
             "indexByName": {
               "Time": 0,
               "Value": 3,
@@ -428,23 +566,6 @@
               "group": "Group"
             }
           }
-        },
-        {
-          "id": "groupBy",
-          "options": {
-            "fields": {
-              "Count": {
-                "aggregations": [
-                  "sum"
-                ],
-                "operation": "aggregate"
-              },
-              "Group": {
-                "aggregations": [],
-                "operation": "groupby"
-              }
-            }
-          }
         }
       ],
       "type": "table"
@@ -468,7 +589,8 @@
             "mode": "absolute",
             "steps": [
               {
-                "color": "green"
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
               },
               {
                 "color": "red",
@@ -531,16 +653,14 @@
       "id": 1,
       "options": {
         "cellHeight": "sm",
-        "footer": {
-          "countRows": false,
-          "fields": "",
-          "reducer": [
-            "sum"
-          ],
-          "show": false
-        },
         "frameIndex": 1,
-        "showHeader": true
+        "showHeader": true,
+        "sortBy": [
+          {
+            "desc": true,
+            "displayName": "Count"
+          }
+        ]
       },
       "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
       "targets": [

dashboards/vm/operator.json

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
         "overrides": []
       },
       "gridPos": {
-        "h": 4,
+        "h": 3,
         "w": 4,
         "x": 0,
         "y": 1

dashboards/vm/vmalert.json

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
         "textMode": "auto",
         "wideLayout": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
         "textMode": "auto",
         "wideLayout": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@
         "textMode": "auto",
         "wideLayout": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@
         "textMode": "auto",
         "wideLayout": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@
         "textMode": "auto",
         "wideLayout": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@
         },
         "showHeader": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@
           "sort": "asc"
         }
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@
           "sort": "desc"
         }
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -889,7 +889,7 @@
           "sort": "desc"
         }
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@
           "sort": "desc"
         }
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@
           "sort": "none"
         }
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1562,7 +1562,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1695,7 +1695,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1800,7 +1800,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1921,7 +1921,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@
               "sort": "none"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2151,7 +2151,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2260,7 +2260,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2368,7 +2368,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2472,7 +2472,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2592,7 +2592,7 @@
               }
             ]
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "10.4.2",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2722,7 +2722,7 @@
               "sort": "none"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2827,7 +2827,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.1.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2942,7 +2942,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3044,7 +3044,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3146,7 +3146,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3247,7 +3247,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3346,7 +3346,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3462,7 +3462,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3564,7 +3564,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "8.0.3",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3663,7 +3663,7 @@
               "sort": "none"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3707,11 +3707,13 @@
                 "mode": "palette-classic"
               },
               "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
                 "axisCenteredZero": false,
                 "axisColorMode": "text",
                 "axisLabel": "",
                 "axisPlacement": "auto",
                 "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
                 "drawStyle": "line",
                 "fillOpacity": 0,
                 "gradientMode": "none",
@@ -3720,6 +3722,7 @@
                   "tooltip": false,
                   "viz": false
                 },
+                "insertNulls": false,
                 "lineInterpolation": "linear",
                 "lineWidth": 1,
                 "pointSize": 5,
@@ -3727,6 +3730,7 @@
                   "type": "linear"
                 },
                 "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
                 "spanNulls": false,
                 "stacking": {
                   "group": "A",
@@ -3741,7 +3745,8 @@
                 "mode": "absolute",
                 "steps": [
                   {
-                    "color": "green"
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
                   },
                   {
                     "color": "red",
@@ -3756,7 +3761,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 351
+            "y": 30
           },
           "id": 52,
           "options": {
@@ -3767,10 +3772,12 @@
               "showLegend": true
             },
             "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
               "mode": "single",
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3778,7 +3785,7 @@
                 "uid": "$ds"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "sum(rate(vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows_total{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by(job)",
+              "expr": "sum(rate(vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows_total{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by(job) default sum(rate(vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows_sum{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by(job)",
               "legendFormat": "__auto",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
@@ -3792,18 +3799,20 @@
             "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
             "uid": "$ds"
           },
-          "description": "Shows the number of datapoints dropped by vmalert while sending to the configured remote write URL. vmalert performs up to 5 retries before dropping the data. Check vmalert's error logs for the specific error message.",
+          "description": "Shows the global rate for number of written bytes via remote write connections.",
           "fieldConfig": {
             "defaults": {
               "color": {
                 "mode": "palette-classic"
               },
               "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
                 "axisCenteredZero": false,
                 "axisColorMode": "text",
                 "axisLabel": "",
                 "axisPlacement": "auto",
                 "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
                 "drawStyle": "line",
                 "fillOpacity": 0,
                 "gradientMode": "none",
@@ -3812,6 +3821,115 @@
                   "tooltip": false,
                   "viz": false
                 },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "never",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "links": [],
+              "mappings": [],
+              "min": 0,
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "unit": "decbytes"
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 30
+          },
+          "id": 60,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [
+                "mean",
+                "lastNotNull",
+                "max"
+              ],
+              "displayMode": "table",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": true
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "multi",
+              "sort": "desc"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
+                "uid": "$ds"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "exemplar": true,
+              "expr": "sum(rate(vmalert_remotewrite_conn_bytes_written_total{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by(job) > 0",
+              "interval": "",
+              "legendFormat": "__auto",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Bytes write rate ($instance)",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
+            "uid": "$ds"
+          },
+          "description": "Data could be dropped in two scenarios:\n1. The remote write queue(configured by -remoteWrite.maxQueueSize) is full:  \nThe queue can fill rapidly if heavy rules generate millions of series, or if remote write requests are unable to send data to the destination in a timely manner, resulting in data being jammed in the queue. Consider tuning -remoteWrite.maxQueueSize or -remoteWrite.concurrency.\nSee also Rows per request pannel.\n2. The request to the configured remote write URL failed(vmalert performs up to 5 retries before dropping the data).\n\nCheck vmalert's error logs for the specific error message.",
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
                 "lineInterpolation": "linear",
                 "lineWidth": 1,
                 "pointSize": 5,
@@ -3819,6 +3937,7 @@
                   "type": "linear"
                 },
                 "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
                 "spanNulls": false,
                 "stacking": {
                   "group": "A",
@@ -3833,7 +3952,8 @@
                 "mode": "absolute",
                 "steps": [
                   {
-                    "color": "green"
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
                   },
                   {
                     "color": "red",
@@ -3847,8 +3967,8 @@
           "gridPos": {
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
-            "x": 12,
-            "y": 351
+            "x": 0,
+            "y": 38
           },
           "id": 53,
           "options": {
@@ -3859,10 +3979,12 @@
               "showLegend": true
             },
             "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
               "mode": "single",
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3879,6 +4001,237 @@
           "title": "Datapoints drop rate ($instance)",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
+            "uid": "$ds"
+          },
+          "description": "Displays the maximum 99th percentile of the number of time series pending in the remote write queue.\n\nThe maximum queue size is configured by remoteWrite.maxQueueSize. \nvmalert will begin dropping data if the queue has no room for newly generated data.\nThe queue can fill rapidly when heavy rules generate millions of series, or when remote write requests are unable to send data to the destination in a timely manner, causing data to accumulate in the queue. Consider tuning -remoteWrite.maxQueueSize or -remoteWrite.concurrency.\n\nSee also the Rows per request panel.",
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            },
+            "overrides": [
+              {
+                "matcher": {
+                  "id": "byName",
+                  "options": "max"
+                },
+                "properties": [
+                  {
+                    "id": "color",
+                    "value": {
+                      "fixedColor": "red",
+                      "mode": "fixed"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "id": "custom.fillOpacity",
+                    "value": 0
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 38
+          },
+          "id": 68,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": true
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "multi",
+              "sort": "desc"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
+                "uid": "$ds"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "max(histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(increase(vmalert_remotewrite_queue_size_bucket{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by (instance, vmrange))) > 1",
+              "legendFormat": "current",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
+                "uid": "$ds"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "min(vmalert_remotewrite_queue_capacity{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"})",
+              "hide": false,
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "max",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "B"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Remote write queue size ($instance)",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
+            "uid": "$ds"
+          },
+          "description": "Displays the maximum 99th percentile of the number of data samples sent per request to the configured remote write URL.\nThe value is influenced by the utilization of the remote write queue. It is normal for this metric to remain low when there are no rules generating a large number of series, and to spike when heavy rules generate thousands of series.\nDuring periods of high load (when many heavy rules are generating results), the optimal value for rows per request should be high to maximize the efficiency of each push operation.\n\nIf you observe datapoint drops and consistently low values for rows per request, try checking the write latency between vmalert and the remote write destination, or increasing `-remoteWrite.flushInterval`.",
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 0,
+            "y": 46
+          },
+          "id": 69,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": true
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "desc"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
+                "uid": "$ds"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "max(histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(increase(vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows_bucket{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by (instance, vmrange)))",
+              "legendFormat": "max",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Rows per request ($instance)",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        },
         {
           "datasource": {
             "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
@@ -3897,6 +4250,7 @@
                 "axisLabel": "",
                 "axisPlacement": "auto",
                 "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
                 "drawStyle": "line",
                 "fillOpacity": 0,
                 "gradientMode": "none",
@@ -3913,6 +4267,7 @@
                   "type": "linear"
                 },
                 "showPoints": "never",
+                "showValues": false,
                 "spanNulls": false,
                 "stacking": {
                   "group": "A",
@@ -3929,7 +4284,8 @@
                 "mode": "absolute",
                 "steps": [
                   {
-                    "color": "green"
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
                   },
                   {
                     "color": "red",
@@ -3944,8 +4300,8 @@
           "gridPos": {
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
-            "x": 0,
-            "y": 378
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 46
           },
           "id": 54,
           "options": {
@@ -3960,10 +4316,12 @@
               "showLegend": true
             },
             "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
               "mode": "multi",
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3981,109 +4339,6 @@
           ],
           "title": "Connections ($instance)",
           "type": "timeseries"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
-            "uid": "$ds"
-          },
-          "description": "Shows the global rate for number of written bytes via remote write connections.",
-          "fieldConfig": {
-            "defaults": {
-              "color": {
-                "mode": "palette-classic"
-              },
-              "custom": {
-                "axisBorderShow": false,
-                "axisCenteredZero": false,
-                "axisColorMode": "text",
-                "axisLabel": "",
-                "axisPlacement": "auto",
-                "barAlignment": 0,
-                "drawStyle": "line",
-                "fillOpacity": 0,
-                "gradientMode": "none",
-                "hideFrom": {
-                  "legend": false,
-                  "tooltip": false,
-                  "viz": false
-                },
-                "insertNulls": false,
-                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-                "lineWidth": 1,
-                "pointSize": 5,
-                "scaleDistribution": {
-                  "type": "linear"
-                },
-                "showPoints": "never",
-                "spanNulls": false,
-                "stacking": {
-                  "group": "A",
-                  "mode": "none"
-                },
-                "thresholdsStyle": {
-                  "mode": "off"
-                }
-              },
-              "links": [],
-              "mappings": [],
-              "min": 0,
-              "thresholds": {
-                "mode": "absolute",
-                "steps": [
-                  {
-                    "color": "green"
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "color": "red",
-                    "value": 80
-                  }
-                ]
-              },
-              "unit": "decbytes"
-            },
-            "overrides": []
-          },
-          "gridPos": {
-            "h": 8,
-            "w": 12,
-            "x": 12,
-            "y": 378
-          },
-          "id": 60,
-          "options": {
-            "legend": {
-              "calcs": [
-                "mean",
-                "lastNotNull",
-                "max"
-              ],
-              "displayMode": "table",
-              "placement": "bottom",
-              "showLegend": true
-            },
-            "tooltip": {
-              "mode": "multi",
-              "sort": "desc"
-            }
-          },
-          "targets": [
-            {
-              "datasource": {
-                "type": "victoriametrics-metrics-datasource",
-                "uid": "$ds"
-              },
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "exemplar": true,
-              "expr": "sum(rate(vmalert_remotewrite_conn_bytes_written_total{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by(job) > 0",
-              "interval": "",
-              "legendFormat": "__auto",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "A"
-            }
-          ],
-          "title": "Bytes write rate ($instance)",
-          "type": "timeseries"
         }
       ],
       "title": "Remote write",

dashboards/vmalert.json

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
         "textMode": "auto",
         "wideLayout": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
         "textMode": "auto",
         "wideLayout": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@
         "textMode": "auto",
         "wideLayout": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@
         "textMode": "auto",
         "wideLayout": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
         "textMode": "auto",
         "wideLayout": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@
         },
         "showHeader": true
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@
           "sort": "asc"
         }
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@
           "sort": "desc"
         }
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@
           "sort": "desc"
         }
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -992,7 +992,7 @@
           "sort": "desc"
         }
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -1096,7 +1096,7 @@
           "sort": "none"
         }
       },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.0.2",
+      "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
       "targets": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1336,7 +1336,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1446,7 +1446,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1561,7 +1561,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1694,7 +1694,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1799,7 +1799,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -1920,7 +1920,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2042,7 +2042,7 @@
               "sort": "none"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2150,7 +2150,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2259,7 +2259,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2367,7 +2367,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2471,7 +2471,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "11.5.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2591,7 +2591,7 @@
               }
             ]
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "10.4.2",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2721,7 +2721,7 @@
               "sort": "none"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2826,7 +2826,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.1.0",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -2941,7 +2941,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3043,7 +3043,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3145,7 +3145,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3246,7 +3246,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3345,7 +3345,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3461,7 +3461,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3563,7 +3563,7 @@
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "8.0.3",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3662,7 +3662,7 @@
               "sort": "none"
             }
           },
-          "pluginVersion": "9.2.6",
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3706,11 +3706,13 @@
                 "mode": "palette-classic"
               },
               "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
                 "axisCenteredZero": false,
                 "axisColorMode": "text",
                 "axisLabel": "",
                 "axisPlacement": "auto",
                 "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
                 "drawStyle": "line",
                 "fillOpacity": 0,
                 "gradientMode": "none",
@@ -3719,6 +3721,7 @@
                   "tooltip": false,
                   "viz": false
                 },
+                "insertNulls": false,
                 "lineInterpolation": "linear",
                 "lineWidth": 1,
                 "pointSize": 5,
@@ -3726,6 +3729,7 @@
                   "type": "linear"
                 },
                 "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
                 "spanNulls": false,
                 "stacking": {
                   "group": "A",
@@ -3740,7 +3744,8 @@
                 "mode": "absolute",
                 "steps": [
                   {
-                    "color": "green"
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
                   },
                   {
                     "color": "red",
@@ -3755,7 +3760,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 351
+            "y": 30
           },
           "id": 52,
           "options": {
@@ -3766,10 +3771,12 @@
               "showLegend": true
             },
             "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
               "mode": "single",
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3777,7 +3784,7 @@
                 "uid": "$ds"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "sum(rate(vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows_total{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by(job)",
+              "expr": "sum(rate(vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows_total{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by(job) default sum(rate(vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows_sum{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by(job)",
               "legendFormat": "__auto",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
@@ -3791,18 +3798,20 @@
             "type": "prometheus",
             "uid": "$ds"
           },
-          "description": "Shows the number of datapoints dropped by vmalert while sending to the configured remote write URL. vmalert performs up to 5 retries before dropping the data. Check vmalert's error logs for the specific error message.",
+          "description": "Shows the global rate for number of written bytes via remote write connections.",
           "fieldConfig": {
             "defaults": {
               "color": {
                 "mode": "palette-classic"
               },
               "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
                 "axisCenteredZero": false,
                 "axisColorMode": "text",
                 "axisLabel": "",
                 "axisPlacement": "auto",
                 "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
                 "drawStyle": "line",
                 "fillOpacity": 0,
                 "gradientMode": "none",
@@ -3811,6 +3820,115 @@
                   "tooltip": false,
                   "viz": false
                 },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "never",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "links": [],
+              "mappings": [],
+              "min": 0,
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "unit": "decbytes"
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 30
+          },
+          "id": 60,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [
+                "mean",
+                "lastNotNull",
+                "max"
+              ],
+              "displayMode": "table",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": true
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "multi",
+              "sort": "desc"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "$ds"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "exemplar": true,
+              "expr": "sum(rate(vmalert_remotewrite_conn_bytes_written_total{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by(job) > 0",
+              "interval": "",
+              "legendFormat": "__auto",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Bytes write rate ($instance)",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "$ds"
+          },
+          "description": "Data could be dropped in two scenarios:\n1. The remote write queue(configured by -remoteWrite.maxQueueSize) is full:  \nThe queue can fill rapidly if heavy rules generate millions of series, or if remote write requests are unable to send data to the destination in a timely manner, resulting in data being jammed in the queue. Consider tuning -remoteWrite.maxQueueSize or -remoteWrite.concurrency.\nSee also Rows per request pannel.\n2. The request to the configured remote write URL failed(vmalert performs up to 5 retries before dropping the data).\n\nCheck vmalert's error logs for the specific error message.",
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
                 "lineInterpolation": "linear",
                 "lineWidth": 1,
                 "pointSize": 5,
@@ -3818,6 +3936,7 @@
                   "type": "linear"
                 },
                 "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
                 "spanNulls": false,
                 "stacking": {
                   "group": "A",
@@ -3832,7 +3951,8 @@
                 "mode": "absolute",
                 "steps": [
                   {
-                    "color": "green"
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
                   },
                   {
                     "color": "red",
@@ -3846,8 +3966,8 @@
           "gridPos": {
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
-            "x": 12,
-            "y": 351
+            "x": 0,
+            "y": 38
           },
           "id": 53,
           "options": {
@@ -3858,10 +3978,12 @@
               "showLegend": true
             },
             "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
               "mode": "single",
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3878,6 +4000,237 @@
           "title": "Datapoints drop rate ($instance)",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "$ds"
+          },
+          "description": "Displays the maximum 99th percentile of the number of time series pending in the remote write queue.\n\nThe maximum queue size is configured by remoteWrite.maxQueueSize. \nvmalert will begin dropping data if the queue has no room for newly generated data.\nThe queue can fill rapidly when heavy rules generate millions of series, or when remote write requests are unable to send data to the destination in a timely manner, causing data to accumulate in the queue. Consider tuning -remoteWrite.maxQueueSize or -remoteWrite.concurrency.\n\nSee also the Rows per request panel.",
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            },
+            "overrides": [
+              {
+                "matcher": {
+                  "id": "byName",
+                  "options": "max"
+                },
+                "properties": [
+                  {
+                    "id": "color",
+                    "value": {
+                      "fixedColor": "red",
+                      "mode": "fixed"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "id": "custom.fillOpacity",
+                    "value": 0
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 38
+          },
+          "id": 68,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": true
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "multi",
+              "sort": "desc"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "$ds"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "max(histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(increase(vmalert_remotewrite_queue_size_bucket{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by (instance, vmrange))) > 1",
+              "legendFormat": "current",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "$ds"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "min(vmalert_remotewrite_queue_capacity{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"})",
+              "hide": false,
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "max",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "B"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Remote write queue size ($instance)",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "$ds"
+          },
+          "description": "Displays the maximum 99th percentile of the number of data samples sent per request to the configured remote write URL.\nThe value is influenced by the utilization of the remote write queue. It is normal for this metric to remain low when there are no rules generating a large number of series, and to spike when heavy rules generate thousands of series.\nDuring periods of high load (when many heavy rules are generating results), the optimal value for rows per request should be high to maximize the efficiency of each push operation.\n\nIf you observe datapoint drops and consistently low values for rows per request, try checking the write latency between vmalert and the remote write destination, or increasing `-remoteWrite.flushInterval`.",
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 0,
+            "y": 46
+          },
+          "id": 69,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": true
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "desc"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "$ds"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "max(histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(increase(vmalert_remotewrite_sent_rows_bucket{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by (instance, vmrange)))",
+              "legendFormat": "max",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Rows per request ($instance)",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        },
         {
           "datasource": {
             "type": "prometheus",
@@ -3896,6 +4249,7 @@
                 "axisLabel": "",
                 "axisPlacement": "auto",
                 "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
                 "drawStyle": "line",
                 "fillOpacity": 0,
                 "gradientMode": "none",
@@ -3912,6 +4266,7 @@
                   "type": "linear"
                 },
                 "showPoints": "never",
+                "showValues": false,
                 "spanNulls": false,
                 "stacking": {
                   "group": "A",
@@ -3928,7 +4283,8 @@
                 "mode": "absolute",
                 "steps": [
                   {
-                    "color": "green"
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
                   },
                   {
                     "color": "red",
@@ -3943,8 +4299,8 @@
           "gridPos": {
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
-            "x": 0,
-            "y": 378
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 46
           },
           "id": 54,
           "options": {
@@ -3959,10 +4315,12 @@
               "showLegend": true
             },
             "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
               "mode": "multi",
               "sort": "desc"
             }
           },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.2.0",
           "targets": [
             {
               "datasource": {
@@ -3980,109 +4338,6 @@
           ],
           "title": "Connections ($instance)",
           "type": "timeseries"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "$ds"
-          },
-          "description": "Shows the global rate for number of written bytes via remote write connections.",
-          "fieldConfig": {
-            "defaults": {
-              "color": {
-                "mode": "palette-classic"
-              },
-              "custom": {
-                "axisBorderShow": false,
-                "axisCenteredZero": false,
-                "axisColorMode": "text",
-                "axisLabel": "",
-                "axisPlacement": "auto",
-                "barAlignment": 0,
-                "drawStyle": "line",
-                "fillOpacity": 0,
-                "gradientMode": "none",
-                "hideFrom": {
-                  "legend": false,
-                  "tooltip": false,
-                  "viz": false
-                },
-                "insertNulls": false,
-                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-                "lineWidth": 1,
-                "pointSize": 5,
-                "scaleDistribution": {
-                  "type": "linear"
-                },
-                "showPoints": "never",
-                "spanNulls": false,
-                "stacking": {
-                  "group": "A",
-                  "mode": "none"
-                },
-                "thresholdsStyle": {
-                  "mode": "off"
-                }
-              },
-              "links": [],
-              "mappings": [],
-              "min": 0,
-              "thresholds": {
-                "mode": "absolute",
-                "steps": [
-                  {
-                    "color": "green"
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "color": "red",
-                    "value": 80
-                  }
-                ]
-              },
-              "unit": "decbytes"
-            },
-            "overrides": []
-          },
-          "gridPos": {
-            "h": 8,
-            "w": 12,
-            "x": 12,
-            "y": 378
-          },
-          "id": 60,
-          "options": {
-            "legend": {
-              "calcs": [
-                "mean",
-                "lastNotNull",
-                "max"
-              ],
-              "displayMode": "table",
-              "placement": "bottom",
-              "showLegend": true
-            },
-            "tooltip": {
-              "mode": "multi",
-              "sort": "desc"
-            }
-          },
-          "targets": [
-            {
-              "datasource": {
-                "type": "prometheus",
-                "uid": "$ds"
-              },
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "exemplar": true,
-              "expr": "sum(rate(vmalert_remotewrite_conn_bytes_written_total{job=~\"$job\", instance=~\"$instance\"}[$__rate_interval])) by(job) > 0",
-              "interval": "",
-              "legendFormat": "__auto",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "A"
-            }
-          ],
-          "title": "Bytes write rate ($instance)",
-          "type": "timeseries"
         }
       ],
       "title": "Remote write",

deployment/docker/Makefile

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ ROOT_IMAGE ?= alpine:3.23.3
 ROOT_IMAGE_SCRATCH ?= scratch
 CERTS_IMAGE := alpine:3.23.3
 
-GO_BUILDER_IMAGE := golang:1.26.1
+GO_BUILDER_IMAGE := golang:1.26.2
 
 BUILDER_IMAGE := local/builder:2.0.0-$(shell echo $(GO_BUILDER_IMAGE) | tr :/ __)-1
 BASE_IMAGE := local/base:1.1.4-$(shell echo $(ROOT_IMAGE) | tr :/ __)-$(shell echo $(CERTS_IMAGE) | tr :/ __)

deployment/docker/compose-vm-cluster.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ services:
   #  It scrapes targets defined in --promscrape.config
   #  And forward them to --remoteWrite.url
   vmagent:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmagent:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/vmagent:v1.140.0
     depends_on:
       - "vmauth"
     ports:
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ services:
   # vmstorage shards. Each shard receives 1/N of all metrics sent to vminserts,
   # where N is number of vmstorages (2 in this case).
   vmstorage-1:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmstorage:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vmstorage:v1.140.0-cluster
     volumes:
       - strgdata-1:/storage
     command:
       - "--storageDataPath=/storage"
     restart: always
   vmstorage-2:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmstorage:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vmstorage:v1.140.0-cluster
     volumes:
       - strgdata-2:/storage
     command:
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ services:
   # vminsert is ingestion frontend. It receives metrics pushed by vmagent,
   # pre-process them and distributes across configured vmstorage shards.
   vminsert-1:
-    image: victoriametrics/vminsert:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vminsert:v1.140.0-cluster
     depends_on:
       - "vmstorage-1"
       - "vmstorage-2"
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ services:
       - "--storageNode=vmstorage-2:8400"
     restart: always
   vminsert-2:
-    image: victoriametrics/vminsert:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vminsert:v1.140.0-cluster
     depends_on:
       - "vmstorage-1"
       - "vmstorage-2"
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ services:
   # vmselect is a query fronted. It serves read queries in MetricsQL or PromQL.
   # vmselect collects results from configured `--storageNode` shards.
   vmselect-1:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmselect:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vmselect:v1.140.0-cluster
     depends_on:
       - "vmstorage-1"
       - "vmstorage-2"
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ services:
       - "--vmalert.proxyURL=http://vmalert:8880"
     restart: always
   vmselect-2:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmselect:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vmselect:v1.140.0-cluster
     depends_on:
       - "vmstorage-1"
       - "vmstorage-2"
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ services:
   # read requests from Grafana, vmui, vmalert among vmselects.
   # It can be used as an authentication proxy.
   vmauth:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmauth:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/vmauth:v1.140.0
     depends_on:
       - "vmselect-1"
       - "vmselect-2"
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ services:
 
   # vmalert executes alerting and recording rules
   vmalert:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmalert:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/vmalert:v1.140.0
     depends_on:
       - "vmauth"
     ports:

deployment/docker/compose-vm-single.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ services:
   #  It scrapes targets defined in --promscrape.config
   #  And forward them to --remoteWrite.url
   vmagent:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmagent:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/vmagent:v1.140.0
     depends_on:
       - "victoriametrics"
     ports:
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ services:
   # VictoriaMetrics instance, a single process responsible for
   # storing metrics and serve read requests.
   victoriametrics:
-    image: victoriametrics/victoria-metrics:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/victoria-metrics:v1.140.0
     ports:
       - 8428:8428
       - 8089:8089
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ services:
 
   # vmalert executes alerting and recording rules
   vmalert:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmalert:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/vmalert:v1.140.0
     depends_on:
       - "victoriametrics"
       - "alertmanager"

deployment/docker/rules/alerts-vmalert.yml

@@ -85,6 +85,20 @@ groups:
             to the configured remote write URL. This may result into gaps in recording rules or alerts state.
             Check vmalert's logs for detailed error message."
 
+      - alert: RemoteWriteQueueHighUsage
+        expr: histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(increase(vmalert_remotewrite_queue_size_bucket[5m])) by (job, instance, vmrange)) / vmalert_remotewrite_queue_capacity > 0.8
+        for: 15m
+        labels:
+          severity: warning
+        annotations:
+          summary: "Remote write queue capacity on the vmalert instance {{ $labels.instance }} has exceeded 80% utilization"
+          description: "The remote write queue on vmalert instance {{ $labels.instance }} has consistently high utilization.
+            The queue acts as a buffer between rules generating series and remote-write client consuming and pushing these series. When queue overflows, vmalert will start dropping newly generated series.
+            Queue may overflow due to multiple reasons:
+             1. Some bad rules produce too many series at once. This can be limited using the global `-rule.resultsLimit` flag or `limit` param at the rule group level.
+             2. Remote write connection is slow.  Increase `-remoteWrite.concurrency`,  so vmalert could establish more concurrent connections.
+             3. The queue size is too small. Increase `-remoteWrite.maxQueueSize` to extend the buffer size. Note that a larger queue will result in higher memory consumption when the queue is full."
+
       - alert: AlertmanagerErrors
         expr: increase(vmalert_alerts_send_errors_total[5m]) > 0
         for: 15m
@@ -94,3 +108,4 @@ groups:
           summary: "vmalert instance {{ $labels.instance }} is failing to send notifications to Alertmanager"
           description: "vmalert instance {{ $labels.instance }} is failing to send alert notifications to \"{{ $labels.addr }}\".
             Check vmalert's logs for detailed error message."
+

deployment/docker/vmanomaly/vmanomaly-integration/compose.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 services:
   vmagent:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmagent:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/vmagent:v1.140.0
     depends_on:
       - "victoriametrics"
     ports:
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ services:
     restart: always
 
   victoriametrics:
-    image: victoriametrics/victoria-metrics:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/victoria-metrics:v1.140.0
     ports:
       - 8428:8428
     volumes:
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ services:
     restart: always
 
   vmalert:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmalert:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/vmalert:v1.140.0
     depends_on:
       - "victoriametrics"
     ports:
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ services:
       - '--external.alert.source=explore?orgId=1&left=["now-1h","now","VictoriaMetrics",{"expr": },{"mode":"Metrics"},{"ui":[true,true,true,"none"]}]'
     restart: always
   vmanomaly:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1
+    image: victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2
     depends_on:
       - "victoriametrics"
     ports:

docs/Makefile

@@ -41,18 +41,8 @@ docs-debug: docs docs-image
 		$(foreach dir,$(wildcard ./docs/$(dir)/*), -v ./docs/$(notdir $(dir)):/opt/docs/content/$(notdir $(dir))) \
 			vmdocs-docker-package
 
-docs-update-version: docs-image
-	$(if $(filter v%,$(PKG_TAG)), \
-		docker run \
-			--rm \
-			--entrypoint /usr/bin/find \
-			--platform $(DOCKER_PLATFORM) \
-			--name vmdocs-docker-container \
-			-v ./docs:/opt/docs/content/victoriametrics vmdocs-docker-package \
-				content \
-					-regex ".*\.md" \
-					-exec sed -i 's/{{% available_from "#" %}}/{{% available_from "$(PKG_TAG)" %}}/g' {} \;, \
-		$(info "Skipping docs version update, invalid $$PKG_TAG: $(PKG_TAG)"))
+docs-update-version:
+	find docs/victoriametrics/ -name '*.md' -exec sed -i 's/{{% available_from "#" %}}/{{% available_from "$(TAG)" %}}/g' {} \;
 
 # Converts images at docs folder to webp format
 # See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/single-server-victoriametrics/#images-in-documentation
@@ -342,4 +332,4 @@ endif
 	$(MAKE) docs-update-vmagent-flags && git checkout "$$orig_branch" && \
 	$(MAKE) docs-update-vmselect-flags && git checkout "$$orig_branch" && \
 	$(MAKE) docs-update-vminsert-flags && git checkout "$$orig_branch" && \
-	$(MAKE) docs-update-vmstorage-flags && git checkout "$$orig_branch"
+	$(MAKE) docs-update-vmstorage-flags && git checkout "$$orig_branch"

docs/anomaly-detection/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -14,6 +14,15 @@ aliases:
 ---
 Please find the changelog for VictoriaMetrics Anomaly Detection below.
 
+## v1.29.2
+Released: 2026-04-02
+
+- UI: Updated [vmanomaly UI](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/ui/) from [v1.5.1](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/ui/#v151) to [v1.6.0](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/ui/#v160), see respective [release notes](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/ui/#v160) for details. Notable changes include **full UI state modification** from [AI assistant](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/ui/#ai-assistance) and [showing business boundaries](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/ui/#visualization-panel) on a graph.
+
+- IMPROVEMENT: Added an option to proxy reader TLS/credential configuration from the `config.reader` to UI, allowing users to leverage the same secure connection settings for both backend and UI queries to datasource without requiring `vmauth` in front of the datasource for UI access. See [authentication section](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/ui/#authentication) for details.
+
+- IMPROVEMENT: Added configurable reconnect retry handling for [`VmWriter`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/writer/#vm-writer) with `connection_retry_attempts` arg after transient connection-level write failures.
+
 ## v1.29.1
 Released: 2026-03-25
 

docs/anomaly-detection/FAQ.md

@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ services:
   # ...
   vmanomaly:
     container_name: vmanomaly
-    image: victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1
+    image: victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2
     # ...
     restart: always
     volumes:
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ options:
 Here’s an example of using the config splitter to divide configurations based on the `extra_filters` argument from the reader section:
 
 ```sh
-docker pull victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1 && docker image tag victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1 vmanomaly
+docker pull victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2 && docker image tag victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2 vmanomaly
 ```
 
 ```sh

docs/anomaly-detection/Migration.md

@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ There are 2 types of compatibility to consider when migrating in stateful mode:
 
 | Group start | Group end | Compatibility | Notes |
 |---------|--------- |------------|-------|
-| [v1.29.1](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1291) | Latest* | Fully Compatible | Just a placeholder for new releases |
+| [v1.29.2](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1292) | Latest* | Fully Compatible | Just a placeholder for new releases |
+| [v1.29.1](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1291) | [v1.29.2](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1292) | Fully Compatible | - |
 | [v1.28.7](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1287) | [v1.29.0](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1290) | Partially compatible* | Dumped models of class [prophet](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/models/#prophet) and [seasonal quantile](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/models/#online-seasonal-quantile) have problems with loading to [v1.29.0](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1290) due to dropped `pytz` library. **Upgrading directly from v1.28.7 to [v1.29.1](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1291) with a fix is suggested** |
 | [v1.26.0](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1262) | [v1.28.7](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1287) | Fully Compatible | [v1.28.0](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1280) introduced [rolling](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/models/#rolling-models) model class drop in favor of [online](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/models/#online-models) models (`rolling_quantile` and `std` models), however, it does not impact compatibility, as artifacts were not produced by default for rolling models. Also, offline `mad` and `zscore` models are redirecting to their respective online counterparts since [v1.28.4](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1284). |
 | [v1.25.3](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1253) | [v1.26.0](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1270) | Partially Compatible* | [v1.25.3](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1253) introduced `forecast_at` argument for base [univariate](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/models/#univariate-models) and `Prophet` [models](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/models/#prophet), however, itself remains backward-reversible from newer states like [v1.26.2](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1262), [v1.27.0](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1270). (All models except `isolation_forest_multivariate` class will be dropped) |

docs/anomaly-detection/QuickStart.md

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Below are the steps to get `vmanomaly` up and running inside a Docker container:
 1. Pull Docker image:
 
 ```sh
-docker pull victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1
+docker pull victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2
 ```
 
 2. Create the license file with your license key.
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ docker run -it \
     -v ./license:/license \
     -v ./config.yaml:/config.yaml \
     -p 8490:8490 \
-    victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1 \
+    victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2 \
     /config.yaml \
     --licenseFile=/license \
     --loggerLevel=INFO \
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ docker run -it \
     -e VMANOMALY_DATA_DUMPS_DIR=/tmp/vmanomaly/data \
     -e VMANOMALY_MODEL_DUMPS_DIR=/tmp/vmanomaly/models \
     -p 8490:8490 \
-    victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1 \
+    victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2 \
     /config.yaml \
     --licenseFile=/license \
     --loggerLevel=INFO \
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ services:
   # ...
   vmanomaly:
     container_name: vmanomaly
-    image: victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1
+    image: victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2
     # ...
     restart: always
     volumes:

docs/anomaly-detection/UI.md

@@ -119,6 +119,10 @@ To start exploring the UI, you can use embedded demo with preconfigured queries
 
 ## Authentication
 
+> [!TIP]
+{{% available_from "v1.29.2" anomaly %}} You can proxy connection settings to UI, defined in [reader](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/reader/#config-parameters) section of the configuration file, so that UI can connect to the data sources with the same settings (e.g. credentials, TLS, etc.). Set `server.use_reader_connection_settings` [arg](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/server/#parameters) to `true` in the configuration file to enable this feature, and UI will automatically use the connection settings from the reader configuration when connecting to the data sources. If `pass auth headers` option is enabled in the UI settings, it will take precedence over the reader-wise settings. See [example configuration](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/server/#example-configuration) for details.
+
+
 {{% available_from "v1.27.0" anomaly %}} The vmanomaly UI supports proxying authentication headers from [v1.1.0](#v110) and onwards.
 
 Consider using [vmauth](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmauth/) in front of both vmanomaly (UI and API) and data sources (VictoriaMetrics / VictoriaLogs) to enforce end-to-end setup for accessing the data from the UI.
@@ -198,11 +202,11 @@ The best applications of this mode are:
 Copilot appears as a **chat popup** anchored to the bottom-right corner of the page. The panel is resizable by dragging its left edge, and can be opened or closed by clicking the respective icon.
 
 > [!TIP] Copilot is context-aware
-> It reads your active model, scheduler, and anomaly settings from the UI automatically, so you don't need to paste your config manually.
+> It reads your active model, scheduler, and anomaly settings from the UI automatically, so you don't need to paste your config manually. {{% available_from "v1.29.2" anomaly %}} It also can read and modify full UI settings, such as data source URL, query parameters, scheduler settings, and more, to provide better suggestions.
 
 ### Configuration
 
-AI Assistant is disabled by default; enable it with `VMANOMALY_COPILOT_ENABLED=true`, then configure an LLM provider API key and, optionally, a model. Once enabled and configured, Copilot will appear as a chat popup in the bottom-right corner of the UI.
+AI Assistant is disabled by default; enable it with `VMANOMALY_COPILOT_ENABLED=true`, then configure credentials for the selected LLM provider and **explicitly set** `VMANOMALY_COPILOT_MODEL` to the exact model Copilot should use. Do not rely on an implicit default model being selected. Once enabled and configured, Copilot will appear as a chat popup in the bottom-right corner of the UI.
 
 
 Supported providers and model formats:
@@ -262,12 +266,18 @@ export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION=us-east-1
 # export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=your_session_token  # if using a session token
 ```
 
-Optionally override the default model:
+Explicitly set the model Copilot should use:
 
 ```bash
 export VMANOMALY_COPILOT_MODEL=openai:gpt-5-mini
 ```
 
+For example, if a smaller OpenAI model is desired, set:
+
+```bash
+export VMANOMALY_COPILOT_MODEL=openai:gpt-5-nano
+```
+
 ### MCP tools server
 
 Connects Copilot to [mcp-vmanomaly](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/mcp-vmanomaly) for full tool access (built-in docs, models configuration and validation, alerts recommendation, service healthchecks, etc.). Full [tools list](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/mcp-vmanomaly?tab=readme-ov-file#toolset):
@@ -305,7 +315,7 @@ docker run -it --rm \
   -e VMANOMALY_MCP_SERVER_URL=http://mcp-vmanomaly:8081/mcp \
   -p 8080:8080 \
   -p 8490:8490 \
-  victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.0 \
+  victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2 \
   vmanomaly_config.yaml
 ```
 
@@ -351,6 +361,8 @@ The Visualization Panel has 2 modes of displaying data - either raw queried data
 
 Also, timeseries (such as `y`, `y_hat`, etc.) can be toggled on/off by clicking on the legend items.
 
+{{% available_from "v1.29.2" anomaly %}} Seeing model [business-boundaries](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/faq/#incorporating-domain-knowledge), such as [detection direction](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/models/#detection-direction) and minimal deviation from expected ([absolute](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/models/#minimal-deviation-from-expected) and [relative](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/models/#minimal-relative-deviation-from-expected) combined) can be turned on with "business boundaries" toggle. Showing/hiding individual bands can be done by clicking on the respective legend items, while showing/hiding all business boundaries at once can be done with "business boundaries" toggle.
+
 [Back to UI navigation](#ui-navigation)
 
 ### Model Panel
@@ -628,6 +640,15 @@ If the **results** look good and the **model configuration should be deployed in
 
 ## Changelog
 
+### v1.6.0
+Released: 2026-04-02
+
+vmanomaly version: [v1.29.2](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/changelog/#v1292)
+
+- FEATURE: Now AI assistant can see and modify main UI components state (queries, time range, model configuration, etc.) to provide more contextual and accurate suggestions and actions.
+
+- FEATURE: Added support for UI to use reader-wise settings (credentials, TLS, etc.) for connecting to data sources, which otherwise would require having `vmauth` in front of both UI and data sources, just for the UI to be able to connect to them. See [Authentication](#authentication) section for details.
+
 ### v1.5.1
 Released: 2026-03-25
 

docs/anomaly-detection/components/models.md

@@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ monitoring:
 Let's pull the docker image for `vmanomaly`:
 
 ```sh
-docker pull victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1
+docker pull victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2
 ```
 
 Now we can run the docker container putting as volumes both config and model file:
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ docker run -it \
 -v $(PWD)/license:/license \
 -v $(PWD)/custom_model.py:/vmanomaly/model/custom.py \
 -v $(PWD)/custom.yaml:/config.yaml \
-victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1 /config.yaml \
+victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2 /config.yaml \
 --licenseFile=/license
 --watch
 ```

docs/anomaly-detection/components/server.md

@@ -27,9 +27,11 @@ Server component of VictoriaMetrics Anomaly Detection (`vmanomaly`) is responsib
 - `ui_default_state`: Optional [UI](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/ui/) state fragment to open on `/vmui/`. Must be URL-encoded and start with `#/?` (e.g. `#/?param=value`). See [Default State](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/ui/#default-state) section for details on constructing the value from UI state.
 - `max_concurrent_tasks`: Maximum number of concurrent anomaly detection tasks processed by the backend. Positive integer. All tasks above the limit will be cancelled if the limit is exceeded. Defaults to `2`.
 - `uvicorn_config`: Uvicorn configuration dictionary. Default is `{"log_level": "warning"}`. See [Uvicorn server settings](https://www.uvicorn.org/settings/) for details.
+- {{% available_from "v1.29.2" anomaly %}} `use_reader_connection_settings`: If set to `true`, UI will use connection settings (e.g. credentials, TLS, etc.) from the [reader](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/reader/#config-parameters) configuration when connecting to data sources. This allows UI to connect to data sources with the same settings without requiring having `vmauth` in front of both UI and data sources.
 
 ### Example Configuration
 
+> [!TIP]
 > If [hot-reloading](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/anomaly-detection/components/scheduler/#hot-reloading) is enabled in vmanomaly service, the server will automatically pick up changes made to the configuration file without requiring a restart.
 
 ```yaml
@@ -45,7 +47,16 @@ server:
   uvicorn_config:  # optional Uvicorn server configuration
     log_level: 'warning'
 
+  use_reader_connection_settings: true  # if set to true, UI will use connection settings from reader configuration below when connecting to data sources, allowing it to connect with the same credentials, TLS settings, etc. without requiring having vmauth in front of both UI and data sources.
+
 # other vmanomaly configuration sections, like reader, scheduler, models, etc.
+reader:
+  datasource_url: %{DS_URL}
+  user: %{DS_USER}
+  password: %{DS_PASSWORD}
+  # or
+  # bearer_token: %{DS_BEARER_TOKEN}
+  verify_tls: false
 ```
 
 ### Accessing the server

docs/anomaly-detection/components/writer.md

@@ -255,6 +255,20 @@ Token is passed in the standard format with header: `Authorization: bearer {toke
             <td>
 <span>
 Path to a file, which contains token, that is passed in the standard format with header: `Authorization: bearer {token}`{{% available_from "v1.15.9" anomaly %}}
+</span>            </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>
+
+<span style="white-space: nowrap;">`connection_retry_attempts`</span>
+            </td>
+            <td>
+
+`1`
+            </td>
+            <td>
+<span>
+Number of attempts to retry the connection in case of failure {{% available_from "v1.29.2" anomaly %}}.
 </span>            </td>
         </tr>
     </tbody>
@@ -276,6 +290,7 @@ writer:
   health_path: "health"
   user: "foo"
   password: "bar"
+  connection_retry_attempts: 2  # if not specified, it will be 1 by default
 ```
 
 ### Multitenancy support

docs/anomaly-detection/guides/guide-vmanomaly-vmalert/README.md

@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ services:
     restart: always
   vmanomaly:
     container_name: vmanomaly
-    image: victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.1
+    image: victoriametrics/vmanomaly:v1.29.2
     depends_on:
       - "victoriametrics"
     ports:

docs/guides/grafana-vmauth-openid-configuration/README.md

@@ -238,23 +238,23 @@ vmagent will write data into VictoriaMetrics single-node and cluster (with tenan
 # compose.yaml
 services:
   vmsingle:
-    image: victoriametrics/victoria-metrics:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/victoria-metrics:v1.140.0
 
   vmstorage:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmstorage:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vmstorage:v1.140.0-cluster
 
   vminsert:
-    image: victoriametrics/vminsert:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vminsert:v1.140.0-cluster
     command:
       - -storageNode=vmstorage:8400
 
   vmselect:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmselect:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vmselect:v1.140.0-cluster
     command:
       - -storageNode=vmstorage:8401
 
   vmagent:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmagent:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/vmagent:v1.140.0
     volumes:
       - ./scrape.yaml:/etc/vmagent/config.yaml
     command:
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ Now add the vmauth service to `compose.yaml`:
 # compose.yaml
 services:
   vmauth:
-    image: docker.io/victoriametrics/vmauth:v1.138.0
+    image: docker.io/victoriametrics/vmauth:v1.140.0
     ports:
       - 8427:8427
     volumes:
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ Create two Prometheus datasources in Grafana with the following URLs: `http://vm
 ![Prometheus datasource](grafana-datasource-prometheus.webp)
 
 You can also use the VictoriaMetrics [Grafana datasource](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/victoriametrics-datasource) plugin.
-See installation instructions in [Grafana datasource - Installation](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/victoriametrics-datasource/#installation).
+See installation instructions in [Grafana datasource - Installation](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/integrations/grafana/#victoriametrics-datasource).
 
 Users with the `vm_access` claim will be able to query metrics from the specified tenant with extra filters applied.
 

docs/guides/k8s-monitoring-via-vm-cluster/README.md

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ sitemap:
   disable: true
 ---
 
+> [!NOTE] Tip
+> Store every configuration file you use during this guide in version control. You may need them for reference or to change the configuration of your installation.
+
 This guide walks you through deploying a VictoriaMetrics cluster version on Kubernetes.
 
 By the end of this guide, you will know:
@@ -382,7 +385,7 @@ Consider reading these resources to complete your setup:
 - VictoriaMetrics
   - [Learn more about the cluster version](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/cluster-victoriametrics/)
   - [Migrate existing metric data into VictoriaMetrics with vmctl](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmctl/)
-  - [Setup alerts](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmalert/)
+  - [Setup alerts](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/vmalert-datasource-managed-alerts-grafana/)
 - Grafana
   - [Enable persistent storage](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/setup-grafana/installation/helm/#enable-persistent-storage-recommended)
   - [Configure private TLS authority](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/setup-grafana/installation/helm/#configure-a-private-ca-certificate-authority)

docs/guides/k8s-monitoring-via-vm-single/README.md

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ sitemap:
   disable: true
 ---
 
+> [!NOTE] Tip
+> Store every configuration file you use during this guide in version control. You may need them for reference or to change the configuration of your installation.
+
 This guide walks you through deploying a [single-node version of VictoriaMetrics](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/single-server-victoriametrics/) on Kubernetes using Helm.
 
 At the end of this guide, you will know:
@@ -56,10 +59,19 @@ vm/victoria-metrics-anomaly             1.12.9          v1.28.2         Victoria
 
 ## 2. Install [VictoriaMetrics single](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/single-server-victoriametrics/) from Helm Chart
 
+Download the Helm value files with the example configuration for VictoriaMetrics single-node:
+
+```sh
+wget https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/examples/guide-vmsingle-values.yaml
+```
+
+> [!NOTE] Tip
+> Keep this file in version control. You may need it to update the configuration of your VictoriaMetrics service
+
 Run this command in your terminal to install [VictoriaMetrics single node](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/single-server-victoriametrics/) to the default [namespace](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/) in your cluster:
 
 ```shell
-helm install vmsingle vm/victoria-metrics-single -f https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/examples/guide-vmsingle-values.yaml
+helm install vmsingle vm/victoria-metrics-single -f guide-vmsingle-values.yaml
 ```
 
 Below are the key sections in the chart values file [`guide-vmsingle-values.yaml`](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/examples/guide-vmsingle-values.yaml):
@@ -315,7 +327,7 @@ Consider reading these resources to complete your setup:
 - VictoriaMetrics
   - [Learn more about the single-node version](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/single-server-victoriametrics/)
   - [Migrate existing metric data into VictoriaMetrics with vmctl](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmctl/)
-  - [Setup alerts](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmalert/)
+  - [Setup alerts](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/vmalert-datasource-managed-alerts-grafana/)
 - Grafana
   - [Enable persistent storage](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/setup-grafana/installation/helm/#enable-persistent-storage-recommended)
   - [Configure private TLS authority](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/setup-grafana/installation/helm/#configure-a-private-ca-certificate-authority)

docs/guides/understand-your-setup-size/README.md

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ As a reference, see resource consumption of VictoriaMetrics cluster on our [play
 The Retention Period is the number of days or months for storing data. It affects the disk space usage.
 The formula for calculating required disk space is the following:
 ```
-Bytes Per Sample * Ingestion rate * Replication Factor * (Retention Period in Seconds +1 Retention Cycle(day or month)) * 1.2 (recommended 20% of free space for merges ) 
+Bytes Per Sample * Ingestion rate * Replication Factor * (Retention Period in Seconds +1 Retention Cycle(day or month)) * 1.25 (recommended 20% of free space for merges ) 
 ```
 
 The **Retention Cycle** is one **day** or one **month**. If the retention period is higher than 30 days cycle is a month; otherwise day.
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Keep at least **20%** of free space for VictoriaMetrics to remain efficient with
 
 A Kubernetes environment that produces 5k time series per second with 1-year of the Retention Period and ReplicationFactor=2:
 
-`(1 byte-per-sample * 5000 time series * 2 replication factor * 34128000 seconds) * 1.2 ) / 2^30 = 381 GB`
+`(1 byte-per-sample * 5000 time series * 2 replication factor * 34128000 seconds) * 1.25 ) / 2^30 = 397 GB`
 
 VictoriaMetrics requires additional disk space for the index. The lower Churn Rate, the lower is disk space usage for the index.
 Usually, index takes about **20%** of the disk space for storing data. High cardinality setups may use **>50%** of storage size for index. If your indexdb looks unexpectedly large, see [FAQ: Why indexdb size is so large?](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/faq/#why-indexdb-size-is-so-large) for typical ratios and troubleshooting tips.

docs/guides/vmagent-openid-configuration/README.md

@@ -155,15 +155,15 @@ These services will store and query the metrics scraped by vmagent.
 # compose.yaml
 services:
   vmstorage:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmstorage:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vmstorage:v1.140.0-cluster
 
   vminsert:
-    image: victoriametrics/vminsert:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vminsert:v1.140.0-cluster
     command:
       - -storageNode=vmstorage:8400
 
   vmselect:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmselect:v1.138.0-cluster
+    image: victoriametrics/vmselect:v1.140.0-cluster
     command:
       - -storageNode=vmstorage:8401
     ports:
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ Add the vmauth service to `compose.yaml`:
 # compose.yaml
 services:
   vmauth:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmauth:v1.138.0-enterprise
+    image: victoriametrics/vmauth:v1.140.0-enterprise
     ports:
       - 8427:8427
     volumes:
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ Add the vmagent service to `compose.yaml` with OAuth2 configuration:
 # compose.yaml
 services:
   vmagent:
-    image: victoriametrics/vmagent:v1.138.0
+    image: victoriametrics/vmagent:v1.140.0
     volumes:
       - ./scrape.yaml:/etc/vmagent/config.yaml
     command:

docs/guides/vmalert-datasource-managed-alerts-grafana/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+---
+build:
+  list: never
+  publishResources: false
+  render: never
+sitemap:
+  disable: true
+---
+
+Grafana offers a rich alerting UI, including rule grouping, silences, and notification history. While Grafana-managed alerts are easy to use, [they can hit performance issues without additional configuration since they depend on a relational database by default](https://grafana.com/blog/how-we-improved-grafanas-alert-state-history-to-provide-better-insights-into-your-alerting-data/).
+
+By moving rule evaluation to [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmalert/), you can move past these limitations while retaining Grafana's unified alerting UI. This guide shows the ideal topology for scalable alerting using vmalert, Alertmanager, and Grafana datasource-managed alerts.
+
+## Grafana Alert Modes
+
+Grafana supports two alert modes, which can run side by side:
+- Grafana-managed: alerts are created and evaluated entirely within Grafana itself. The alert state is stored in a SQL database by default, but [Grafana can be configured to store this data in a Prometheus-compatible database like VictoriaMetrics as well](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/alerting/set-up/configure-alert-state-history/#configure-prometheus-for-alert-state-grafana_alerts-metric).
+- Datasource-managed: alerts have their rules defined, stored, and evaluated in an external system like vmalert and Alertmanager, with Grafana just providing the UI. State is stored in VictoriaMetrics.
+
+The following table compares the two modes:
+
+| Aspect              | Grafana-Managed                                    | Data Source-Managed           |
+| ------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
+| Where rules live    | Grafana's SQL database                             | vmalert's YAML config         |
+| Evaluation          | Grafana's scheduler                                | vmalert                       |
+| Horizontal Scaling  | Complex (requires HA SQL database)                 | Simple (add more pods)        |
+| State storage       | SQL backend or a Prometheus datasource             | VictoriaMetrics               |
+| UI Management       | Full create/edit in Grafana                        | View-only                     |
+| Dependencies        | SQL + Grafana                                      | VictoriaMetrics               |
+| Version control     | Complex (rules must be exported/imported)          | Easy (rules are in YAML file) |
+
+## Datasource-managed Alert Topology
+
+The proposed alert setup relies on the following services:
+
+- VictoriaMetrics: provides the time-series database and persists alert status.
+- vmalert: evaluates alerting rules from its config file against VictoriaMetrics data and forwards firing alerts to Alertmanager.
+- Alertmanager: groups and routes alerts to the configured recipients.
+- Grafana: serves as the unified UI, connecting to VictoriaMetrics for rules and metrics, and to Alertmanager for notifications/silences.
+
+![Topology Diagram](topology.webp)
+
+## vmalert Demo with Docker {#docker}
+
+In this section, we'll describe how you can try datasource-managed alerts on Grafana with Docker Compose. Follow the steps in this section to see how the Grafana UI looks in datasource-managed alerts.
+
+First, create `alerts.yml`. The following configuration file creates an always-firing alert, which you can use to test datasource-managed alerts in Grafana.
+
+```yaml
+# alerts.yml
+groups:
+  - name: demo
+    rules:
+      # Always-firing demo alert so you see something immediately
+      - alert: AlwaysFiring
+        expr: vector(1)
+        for: 10s
+        labels:
+          severity: warning
+        annotations:
+          summary: "Demo alert that always fires"
+          description: "This is a demo alert from vmalert using vector(1)."
+
+      # Simple recording rule you can graph in Grafana
+      - record: demo:vector_one
+        expr: vector(1)
+```
+
+Next, create a basic Alertmanager config called `alertmanager.yml`. This example does not forward alerts anywhere, but serves as a source for Grafana:
+
+```yaml
+# alertmanager.yml
+global:
+  resolve_timeout: 5m
+
+route:
+  receiver: "log"
+
+receivers:
+  - name: "log"
+```
+
+Finally, create `grafana-datasources.yml` to configure Grafana to use VictoriaMetrics and Alertmanager as datasources for alerts and notifications:
+
+```yaml
+# grafana-datasources.yml
+apiVersion: 1
+
+datasources:
+  - name: VictoriaMetrics
+    type: prometheus
+    access: proxy
+    url: http://victoriametrics:8428
+    isDefault: true
+
+  - name: Alertmanager
+    type: alertmanager
+    access: proxy
+    url: http://alertmanager:9093
+    jsonData:
+      implementation: prometheus
+```
+
+The final piece is the Docker Compose file. This ties all the services together and sets up the required command-line arguments:
+
+```yaml
+# compose.yml
+services:
+  victoriametrics:
+    image: victoriametrics/victoria-metrics:v1.140.0
+    command:
+      - "--storageDataPath=/victoria-metrics-data"
+      - "--selfScrapeInterval=10s"
+      # Proxy vmalert APIs so Grafana can see rules via VictoriaMetrics
+      - "--vmalert.proxyURL=http://vmalert:8880"
+    ports:
+      - "8428:8428"
+    volumes:
+      - vm-data:/victoria-metrics-data
+
+  alertmanager:
+    image: prom/alertmanager:v0.31.1
+    command:
+     - "--config.file=/etc/alertmanager/alertmanager.yml"
+    ports:
+      - "9093:9093"
+    volumes:
+      - ./alertmanager.yml:/etc/alertmanager/alertmanager.yml:ro
+
+  vmalert:
+    image: victoriametrics/vmalert:v1.140.0
+    depends_on:
+      - victoriametrics
+      - alertmanager
+    command:
+      # read metrics from VictoriaMetrics
+      - "--datasource.url=http://victoriametrics:8428"
+      # store and retrieve alert state from VictoriaMetrics
+      - "--remoteRead.url=http://victoriametrics:8428"
+      - "--remoteWrite.url=http://victoriametrics:8428"
+      # configure Alertmanager as the notifier
+      - "--notifier.url=http://alertmanager:9093"
+      - "--rule=/etc/vmalert/alerts.yml"
+      - "--evaluationInterval=15s"
+      # external settings link vmalerts and Alertmanager to Grafana
+      - "--external.url=http://localhost:3000"
+      - "--external.alert.source=explore?orgId=1&left={\"datasource\":\"VictoriaMetrics\",\"queries\":[{\"refId\":\"A\",\"expr\":\"{{.Expr|queryEscape}}\"}]}"
+    ports:
+      - "8880:8880"
+    volumes:
+      - ./alerts.yml:/etc/vmalert/alerts.yml:ro
+
+  grafana:
+    image: grafana/grafana:12.4
+    depends_on:
+      - victoriametrics
+      - alertmanager
+    environment:
+      GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_USER: admin
+      GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD: admin
+      GF_PATHS_PROVISIONING: /etc/grafana/provisioning
+    ports:
+      - "3000:3000"
+    volumes:
+      - ./grafana-datasources.yml:/etc/grafana/provisioning/datasources/datasources.yml:ro
+      - grafana-data:/var/lib/grafana
+
+volumes:
+  vm-data:
+  grafana-data:
+```
+
+Let's break down the main command line arguments that connect every component:
+
+- VictoriaMetrics
+  - `-vmalert.proxyURL`: forwards Grafana requests for `/api/v1/rules` and `/api/v1/alerts` to vmalert, enabling rule visibility in Grafana UI
+
+- vmalert
+  - `-datasource.url`: configures VictoriaMetrics as the query source for rule evaluation
+  - `-remoteWrite.url`: defines VictoriaMetrics as the backend used to persist rule state across restarts
+  - `-remoteRead.url`: defines VictoriaMetrics as the backend used to read historical state for pending alerts
+  - `-notifier.url`: directs firing alerts to Alertmanager
+  - `-external.url`: defines the base URL for alert links so users see the public URL of Alertmanager, or an external alerting UI like Karma or Grafana in notifications.
+  - `-external.alert.source`: creates a template for clickable alert links for Grafana. Allows Alertmanager UI to link directly to Grafana
+
+Now, start the demo with:
+
+```sh
+docker compose up -d
+```
+
+Open your browser at `localhost:3000` and log in to Grafana with username `admin` and password `admin`.
+
+If you open the sidebar and select **Alerting** > **Alert rules**, you should be able to see one alert pending or firing.
+
+![Screenshot of Grafana alert pane](grafana-alert-firing.webp)
+<figcaption style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">Datasource-managed alert firing in Grafana</figcaption>
+
+Open the sidebar again and go to **Alerting** > **Active notifications** to see the active alert reported by Alertmanager.
+
+![Screenshot of Grafana Active notifications Page](grafana-notifications.webp)
+
+You can also see the alerts in VMUI by opening the browser in `http://localhost:8428/vmui/?#/rules`. This is possible only when we have configured `-vmalert.proxyURL` in VictoriaMetrics.
+
+![Screenshot of VMUI](vmui-alerts.webp)
+<figcaption style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">Alerts can be visualized in VMUI directly</figcaption>
+
+If you open the browser in `http://localhost:9093/#/alerts`, you will see the Alertmanager UI with the firing alert.
+
+![Screenshot of Alertmanager](alertmanager-alerts.webp)
+<figcaption style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">Alertmanager UI showing the firing alert</figcaption>
+
+Clicking **Source** should take you back to Grafana and display the query that generated the alert.
+
+## vmalert and VictoriaMetrics Single on Kubernetes {#vmsingle}
+
+This section explains how to configure datasource-managed alerts on the VictoriaMetrics single-node version on Kubernetes.
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+- A Kubernetes cluster
+- VictoriaMetrics single-node
+- Grafana
+- Helm values or config files used for installation
+
+You can follow this guide to install all required components: [Kubernetes monitoring via VictoriaMetrics single](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/k8s-monitoring-via-vm-single/).
+
+### 1. Ensure VictoriaMetrics and Grafana are installed
+
+Ensure you have added and updated the VictoriaMetrics Helm repository:
+
+```sh
+helm repo add vm https://victoriametrics.github.io/helm-charts/
+helm repo update
+
+```
+
+Confirm that the VictoriaMetrics single-node version is installed (assuming the release name `vmsingle` from the [installation guide](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/k8s-monitoring-via-vm-single/))
+
+```sh
+kubectl get pods -l app.kubernetes.io/instance=vmsingle
+```
+
+You should get a single running pod:
+
+```sh
+NAME                                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
+vmsingle-victoria-metrics-single-server-0   1/1     Running   0          48m
+```
+
+Do the same for Grafana:
+
+```sh
+kubectl get pod -l app.kubernetes.io/name=grafana
+```
+
+You should get the name of the Grafana pod running in your cluster:
+
+```sh
+NAME                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
+my-grafana-65d6d4ccbc-nxkxq   1/1     Running   0          58m
+```
+
+### 2. Install vmalert and Alertmanager
+
+Create a Helm values file for vmalert and Alertmanager called `vm-alerting-values.yml`. 
+
+The example below comes with two demo alerts. Add your own vmalert [alerting rules](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmalert/#rules) in the `config: alerts:` section below.
+
+```sh
+cat <<EOF > vm-alerting-values.yml
+# Enable and configure Alertmanager
+alertmanager:
+  enabled: true
+  config:
+    global:
+      resolve_timeout: 5m
+    route:
+      group_by: ["alertname"]
+      group_wait: 30s
+      group_interval: 5m
+      repeat_interval: 12h
+      receiver: "log"
+
+    receivers:
+      - name: "log"
+        # place your default route here for notifications
+
+# Configure vmalert ("server" section in this chart)
+server:
+  # vmalert evaluation datasource: point at vmsingle’s Prometheus-compatible API
+  datasource:
+    url: http://vmsingle-victoria-metrics-single-server.default.svc.cluster.local.:8428
+
+  # Where vmalert stores and reads alert state (remote write/read)
+  remote:
+    write:
+      url: http://vmsingle-victoria-metrics-single-server.default.svc.cluster.local.:8428
+    read:
+      url: http://vmsingle-victoria-metrics-single-server.default.svc.cluster.local.:8428
+
+  # Configure Alertmanager as notifier
+  notifier:
+    alertmanager:
+      # Adjust namespace/name if you install into a non-default namespace or change the release name
+      url: http://vmalert-victoria-metrics-alert-alertmanager:9093
+
+  # Inline demo rules. Add your alerting groups and rules here
+  config:
+    alerts:
+      groups:
+      - name: vm-health
+        rules:
+          - alert: TooManyRestarts
+            expr: changes(process_start_time_seconds{job=~"victoriametrics|vmagent|vmalert"}[15m]) > 2
+            labels:
+              severity: critical
+            annotations:
+              summary: "{{ $labels.job }} too many restarts (instance {{ $labels.instance }})"
+              description: "Job {{ $labels.job }} has restarted more than twice in the last 15 minutes. It might be crashlooping."
+          - alert: ServiceDown
+            expr: up{job=~"victoriametrics|vmagent|vmalert"} == 0
+            for: 2m
+            labels:
+              severity: critical
+            annotations:
+              summary: "Service {{ $labels.job }} is down on {{ $labels.instance }}"
+              description: "{{ $labels.instance }} of job {{ $labels.job }} has been down for more than 2 minutes."
+EOF
+```
+
+Install `vmalert` and Alertmanager with:
+
+```sh
+helm install vmalert vm/victoria-metrics-alert -f vm-alerting-values.yml
+```
+
+### 3. Configure VictoriaMetrics single to proxy to vmalert
+
+For datasource-managed alerts, Grafana talks to VictoriaMetrics, and VictoriaMetrics proxies alerting-related API calls to vmalert via the `-vmalert.proxyURL` flag.
+
+First, check the service name for `vmalert`:
+
+```sh
+kubectl get svc -l app.kubernetes.io/instance=vmalert,app=server
+```
+
+Get the name of the `vmalert` service:
+
+```sh
+NAME                                    TYPE        CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE
+vmalert-victoria-metrics-alert-server   ClusterIP   None         <none>        8880/TCP   58m
+```
+
+The internal DNS name for this service, in the default namespace, will be:
+
+```text
+vmalert-victoria-metrics-alert-server.default.svc.cluster.local:8880
+```
+
+Next, create a Helm values file with the internal Kubernetes URL for vmalert.
+
+```sh
+cat <<EOF > vm-vmalert-proxy-values.yml
+# vm-vmalert-proxy-values.yaml
+server:
+  extraArgs:
+    vmalert.proxyURL: http://vmalert-victoria-metrics-alert-server.default.svc.cluster.local:8880
+EOF
+
+```
+
+Update the configuration of VictoriaMetrics single by applying both *your original Helm values* and this new overlay. In the example below, the original values file is called `vmsingle-values-file.yml` (this is the file you used when you first installed the cluster):
+
+```sh
+helm upgrade vmsingle vm/victoria-metrics-single \
+  -f vmsingle-values-file.yml \
+  -f vm-vmalert-proxy-values.yml
+```
+
+After this upgrade, vmsingle will start proxying `/api/v1/rules`, `/api/v1/alerts`, and other `vmalert` [endpoints](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmalert/#web) to the vmalert service, enabling Grafana’s alerting UI and API to work through the VictoriaMetrics datasource. 
+
+To finish the setup, jump to the [Configure Grafana](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/vmalert-datasource-managed-alerts-grafana/#grafana) section
+
+## vmalert and VictoriaMetrics Cluster on Kubernetes {#vmcluster}
+
+This section explains how to configure datasource-managed alerts on the VictoriaMetrics cluster version on Kubernetes.
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+- A Kubernetes cluster  
+- VictoriaMetrics cluster
+- Grafana  
+- Helm values or config files used for the installation of the cluster
+
+You can follow this guide to install the cluster and Grafana first: [Kubernetes monitoring with VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/k8s-monitoring-via-vm-cluster/).
+
+### 1. Ensure VictoriaMetrics and Grafana are installed
+
+Ensure you have added and updated the VictoriaMetrics Helm repository:
+
+```sh
+helm repo add vm https://victoriametrics.github.io/helm-charts/
+helm repo update
+```
+
+Confirm that the VictoriaMetrics cluster is installed (assuming the release name `vmcluster` from the [installation guide](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/k8s-monitoring-via-vm-cluster/)):
+
+```sh
+kubectl get pods -l app.kubernetes.io/instance=vmcluster
+```
+
+You should see pods for `vmselect`, `vminsert`, and `vmstorage`, for example:
+
+```text
+NAME                                                           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
+vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vminsert-b4d494b4c-cx2m5    1/1     Running   0          3m8s
+vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vminsert-b4d494b4c-xdv76    1/1     Running   0          3m8s
+vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vmselect-67979c98fc-7hfdl   1/1     Running   0          3m8s
+vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vmselect-67979c98fc-ftpzn   1/1     Running   0          3m8s
+vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vmstorage-0                 1/1     Running   0          3m8s
+vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vmstorage-1                 1/1     Running   0          2m48s
+```
+
+VictoriaMetrics exposes its write API via the `vminsert` service on port 8480 and its read (Prometheus-compatible) API via the `vmselect` service on port 8481 by default. For a default installation, these DNS names are:
+
+- Write: `vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vminsert.default.svc.cluster.local.:8480`  
+- Read: `vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vmselect.default.svc.cluster.local.:8481`
+
+Now, ensure Grafana is installed:
+
+```sh
+kubectl get pod -l app.kubernetes.io/name=grafana
+```
+
+You should get the name of the Grafana pod running in your cluster:
+
+```sh
+NAME                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
+my-grafana-65d6d4ccbc-nxkxq   1/1     Running   0          58m
+```
+
+### 2. Install vmalert and Alertmanager
+
+Create a Helm values file for vmalert and Alertmanager called `vm-alerting-values.yml`.  
+
+The example below comes with two demo alerts. Add your own vmalert [alerting rules](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmalert/#rules) in the `config: alerts:` section below.
+
+
+```sh
+cat <<EOF > vm-alerting-values.yml
+# Enable and configure Alertmanager
+alertmanager:
+  enabled: true
+  config:
+    global:
+      resolve_timeout: 5m
+    route:
+      group_by: ["alertname"]
+      group_wait: 30s
+      group_interval: 5m
+      repeat_interval: 12h
+      receiver: "log"
+
+    receivers:
+      - name: "log"
+        # place your notification route here
+
+# Configure vmalert ("server" section in this chart)
+server:
+  # vmalert evaluation datasource: point at vmselect’s Prometheus-compatible API
+  datasource:
+    url: http://vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vmselect.default.svc.cluster.local.:8481/select/multitenant/prometheus/
+
+  # Where vmalert stores and reads alert state (remote write/read)
+  remote:
+    write:
+      # send ALERTS / recording rule series into vminsert
+      url: http://vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vminsert.default.svc.cluster.local.:8480/insert/0/prometheus/
+    read:
+      # read back alert state from vmselect
+      url: http://vmcluster-victoria-metrics-cluster-vmselect.default.svc.cluster.local.:8481/select/0/prometheus/
+
+  # Configure Alertmanager as notifier
+  notifier:
+    alertmanager:
+      # Adjust namespace/name if you install into a non-default namespace or change the release name
+      url: http://vmalert-victoria-metrics-alert-alertmanager:9093
+
+  # Inline demo rules. Add your alerting groups and rules here
+  config:
+    alerts:
+      groups:
+      - name: vm-health
+        rules:
+          - alert: TooManyRestarts
+            expr: changes(process_start_time_seconds{job=~"victoriametrics|vmagent|vmalert"}[15m]) > 2
+            labels:
+              severity: critical
+            annotations:
+              summary: "{{ $labels.job }} too many restarts (instance {{ $labels.instance }})"
+              description: "Job {{ $labels.job }} has restarted more than twice in the last 15 minutes.
+                It might be crashlooping."
+          - alert: ServiceDown
+            expr: up{job=~"victoriametrics|vmagent|vmalert"} == 0
+            for: 2m
+            labels:
+              severity: critical
+            annotations:
+              summary: "Service {{ $labels.job }} is down on {{ $labels.instance }}"
+              description: "{{ $labels.instance }} of job {{ $labels.job }} has been down for more than 2 minutes."
+EOF
+```
+
+
+The key differences from the [single-node setup](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/vmalert-datasource-managed-alerts-grafana/#vmsingle) section
+- `server.datasource.url` and `server.remote.read.url` point to the `vmselect` read endpoint (`/select/multitenant/prometheus/`).
+- `server.remote.write.url` points to the `vminsert` write endpoint (`/insert/multitenant/prometheus/`).
+
+Install `vmalert` and Alertmanager with:
+
+```sh
+helm install vmalert vm/victoria-metrics-alert -f vm-alerting-values.yml
+```
+
+### 3. Configure VictoriaMetrics Cluster to proxy to vmalert
+
+For datasource-managed alerts, Grafana talks to VictoriaMetrics, and VictoriaMetrics proxies alerting-related API calls to vmalert via the `-vmalert.proxyURL` flag. In the cluster version, set this flag on `vmselect` and point it to the vmalert service so Grafana can reach the alert state.
+
+First, check the service name for vmalert:
+
+```sh
+kubectl get svc -l app.kubernetes.io/instance=vmalert,app=server
+```
+
+You should see something like:
+
+```sh
+NAME                                    TYPE        CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE
+vmalert-victoria-metrics-alert-server   ClusterIP   None         <none>        8880/TCP   58m
+```
+
+The internal DNS name for this service, in the default namespace, will be:
+
+```text
+vmalert-victoria-metrics-alert-server.default.svc.cluster.local:8880
+```
+
+Create a Helm values overlay file for the cluster called `vmcluster-vmalert-proxy-values.yml`.  
+
+The `vmselect.extraArgs` map in the `victoria-metrics-cluster` chart allows you to pass arbitrary command-line flags to vmselect, including `-vmalert.proxyURL`.
+
+```sh
+cat <<EOF > vmcluster-vmalert-proxy-values.yml
+vmselect:
+  extraArgs:
+    vmalert.proxyURL: http://vmalert-victoria-metrics-alert-server.default.svc.cluster.local:8880
+EOF
+```
+
+Update the VictoriaMetrics cluster configuration by applying both your *original Helm values* and this new overlay. In the example below, the original values file is called `vmcluster-values-file.yml` (this is the file you used when you first installed the cluster):
+
+```sh
+helm upgrade vmcluster vm/victoria-metrics-cluster \
+  -f victoria-metrics-cluster-values.yml \
+  -f vmcluster-vmalert-proxy-values.yml
+```
+
+After this upgrade, vmselect will start proxying `/api/v1/rules`, `/api/v1/alerts`, and other `vmalert` endpoints to the vmalert service, enabling Grafana’s alerting UI and API to work through the VictoriaMetrics datasource.
+
+To finalize the setup, continue on to the next section, [Configure Grafana](#grafana).
+
+## Configure Grafana {#grafana}
+
+The last step on any Kubernetes-based installation is to add Alertmanager to Grafana so that Grafana can show notifications alongside the rules it discovers via the VictoriaMetrics datasource.
+
+Get the service name for Alertmanager in your cluster:
+
+```sh
+kubectl get svc -l app.kubernetes.io/instance=vmalert,app=alertmanager
+```
+
+You should see something like:
+
+```text
+NAME                                          TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE
+vmalert-victoria-metrics-alert-alertmanager   ClusterIP   10.43.114.243   <none>        9093/TCP   68m
+```
+
+Next, add Alertmanager to Grafana:
+
+1. Log in to your Grafana dashboard.  
+2. Go to **Connections** > **Datasources**.  
+3. Press **+ Add new data source**.  
+4. Search and select “Alertmanager”.  
+5. Fill in the following parameters (adjusting namespace/service name if needed):  
+   - Implementation: Prometheus  
+   - URL: `http://vmalert-victoria-metrics-alert-alertmanager.default.svc.cluster.local:9093`  
+
+   Ensure the URL matches the Alertmanager service name you obtained earlier.
+
+6. Press **Save & Test**.
+
+![Screenshot of Grafana](grafana-alertmanager.webp)
+<figcaption style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">Adding Alertmanager to Grafana</figcaption>
+
+With vmselect’s `vmalert.proxyURL` set and Alertmanager configured as a datasource, Grafana should now be able to display vmalert rules and alert instances from the VictoriaMetrics Cluster datasource and show notifications managed by Alertmanager in its UI.
+
+## See also
+
+- [YouTube: Mathias Palmersheim - Who will be your Ruler](https://youtu.be/NfhVOEkznFY)
+- [Kubernetes monitoring via VictoriaMetrics single](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/k8s-monitoring-via-vm-single/)
+- [Kubernetes monitoring with VictoriaMetrics cluster](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/guides/k8s-monitoring-via-vm-cluster/)
+- Learn more about [vmalert](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/vmalert/)
+

docs/guides/vmalert-datasource-managed-alerts-grafana/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+weight: 16
+title: Datasource-Managed Alerts with vmalert and Grafana
+menu:
+  docs:
+    parent: "guides"
+    weight: 16
+tags:
+  - metrics
+  - guide
+  - kubernetes
+  - alerts
+aliases:
+- /guides/vmalert-datasource-managed-alerts-grafana.html
+---
+{{% content "README.md" %}}
+