fix link

Co-authored-by: Roman Khavronenko <roman@victoriametrics.com>

Makefile

@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ test-full:
 test-full-386:
 	GOEXPERIMENT=synctest GOARCH=386 go test -coverprofile=coverage.txt -covermode=atomic ./lib/... ./app/...
 
-integration-test: victoria-metrics vmagent vmalert vmauth vmctl
+integration-test: victoria-metrics vmagent vmalert vmauth vmctl vmbackup vmrestore victoria-logs
 	go test ./apptest/... -skip="^TestCluster.*"
 
 benchmark:

app/victoria-logs/main.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlselect"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/buildinfo"
@@ -44,6 +45,8 @@ func main() {
 
 	vlstorage.Init()
 	vlselect.Init()
+
+	insertutil.SetLogRowsStorage(&vlstorage.Storage{})
 	vlinsert.Init()
 
 	go httpserver.Serve(listenAddrs, requestHandler, httpserver.ServeOptions{

app/vlinsert/datadog/datadog.go

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/valyala/fastjson"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/flagutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
@@ -33,10 +32,10 @@ var parserPool fastjson.ParserPool
 // RequestHandler processes Datadog insert requests
 func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 	switch path {
-	case "/api/v1/validate":
+	case "/insert/datadog/api/v1/validate":
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{}`)
 		return true
-	case "/api/v2/logs":
+	case "/insert/datadog/api/v2/logs":
 		return datadogLogsIngestion(w, r)
 	default:
 		return false
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ func datadogLogsIngestion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 		cp.IgnoreFields = *datadogIgnoreFields
 	}
 
-	if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+	if err := insertutil.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 		return true
 	}
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ func datadogLogsIngestion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 
 var (
 	v2LogsRequestsTotal   = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/insert/datadog/api/v2/logs"}`)
-	v2LogsRequestDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/datadog/api/v2/logs"}`)
+	v2LogsRequestDuration = metrics.NewSummary(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/datadog/api/v2/logs"}`)
 )
 
 // datadog message field has two formats:

app/vlinsert/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bufferedwriter"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
@@ -31,36 +30,38 @@ func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 	// This header is needed for Logstash
 	w.Header().Set("X-Elastic-Product", "Elasticsearch")
 
-	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/_ilm/policy") {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/elasticsearch/_ilm/policy") {
 		// Return fake response for Elasticsearch ilm request.
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{}`)
 		return true
 	}
-	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/_index_template") {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/elasticsearch/_index_template") {
 		// Return fake response for Elasticsearch index template request.
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{}`)
 		return true
 	}
-	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/_ingest") {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/elasticsearch/_ingest") {
 		// Return fake response for Elasticsearch ingest pipeline request.
 		// See: https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.8/put-pipeline-api.html
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{}`)
 		return true
 	}
-	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/_nodes") {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/elasticsearch/_nodes") {
 		// Return fake response for Elasticsearch nodes discovery request.
 		// See: https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.8/cluster.html
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{}`)
 		return true
 	}
-	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/logstash") || strings.HasPrefix(path, "/_logstash") {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/elasticsearch/logstash") || strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/elasticsearch/_logstash") {
 		// Return fake response for Logstash APIs requests.
 		// See: https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.8/logstash-apis.html
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{}`)
 		return true
 	}
 	switch path {
-	case "/", "":
+	// some clients may omit trailing slash
+	// see https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/8353
+	case "/insert/elasticsearch/", "/insert/elasticsearch":
 		switch r.Method {
 		case http.MethodGet:
 			// Return fake response for Elasticsearch ping request.
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 		}
 
 		return true
-	case "/_license":
+	case "/insert/elasticsearch/_license":
 		// Return fake response for Elasticsearch license request.
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{
 			"license": {
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 			}
 		}`)
 		return true
-	case "/_bulk":
+	case "/insert/elasticsearch/_bulk":
 		startTime := time.Now()
 		bulkRequestsTotal.Inc()
 
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 			httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 			return true
 		}
-		if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+		if err := insertutil.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
 			httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 			return true
 		}
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 
 var (
 	bulkRequestsTotal   = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/insert/elasticsearch/_bulk"}`)
-	bulkRequestDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/elasticsearch/_bulk"}`)
+	bulkRequestDuration = metrics.NewSummary(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/elasticsearch/_bulk"}`)
 )
 
 func readBulkRequest(streamName string, r io.Reader, encoding string, timeFields, msgFields []string, lmp insertutil.LogMessageProcessor) (int, error) {

app/vlinsert/insertutil/common_params.go

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
 
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httputil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
@@ -36,6 +35,7 @@ type CommonParams struct {
 	DecolorizeFields []string
 	ExtraFields      []logstorage.Field
 
+	IsTimeFieldSet  bool
 	Debug           bool
 	DebugRequestURI string
 	DebugRemoteAddr string
@@ -49,8 +49,10 @@ func GetCommonParams(r *http.Request) (*CommonParams, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	var isTimeFieldSet bool
 	timeFields := []string{"_time"}
 	if tfs := httputil.GetArray(r, "_time_field", "VL-Time-Field"); len(tfs) > 0 {
+		isTimeFieldSet = true
 		timeFields = tfs
 	}
 
@@ -86,9 +88,11 @@ func GetCommonParams(r *http.Request) (*CommonParams, error) {
 		IgnoreFields:     ignoreFields,
 		DecolorizeFields: decolorizeFields,
 		ExtraFields:      extraFields,
-		Debug:            debug,
-		DebugRequestURI:  debugRequestURI,
-		DebugRemoteAddr:  debugRemoteAddr,
+
+		IsTimeFieldSet:  isTimeFieldSet,
+		Debug:           debug,
+		DebugRequestURI: debugRequestURI,
+		DebugRemoteAddr: debugRemoteAddr,
 	}
 
 	return cp, nil
@@ -141,6 +145,29 @@ func GetCommonParamsForSyslog(tenantID logstorage.TenantID, streamFields, ignore
 	return cp
 }
 
+// LogRowsStorage is an interface for ingesting logs into the storage.
+type LogRowsStorage interface {
+	// MustAddRows must add lr to the underlying storage.
+	MustAddRows(lr *logstorage.LogRows)
+
+	// CanWriteData must returns non-nil error if logs cannot be added to the underlying storage.
+	CanWriteData() error
+}
+
+var logRowsStorage LogRowsStorage
+
+// SetLogRowsStorage sets the storage for writing data to via LogMessageProcessor.
+//
+// This function must be called before using LogMessageProcessor and CanWriteData from this package.
+func SetLogRowsStorage(storage LogRowsStorage) {
+	logRowsStorage = storage
+}
+
+// CanWriteData returns non-nil error if data cannot be written to the underlying storage.
+func CanWriteData() error {
+	return logRowsStorage.CanWriteData()
+}
+
 // LogMessageProcessor is an interface for log message processors.
 type LogMessageProcessor interface {
 	// AddRow must add row to the LogMessageProcessor with the given timestamp and fields.
@@ -264,7 +291,7 @@ func (lmp *logMessageProcessor) AddInsertRow(r *logstorage.InsertRow) {
 // flushLocked must be called under locked lmp.mu.
 func (lmp *logMessageProcessor) flushLocked() {
 	lmp.lastFlushTime = time.Now()
-	vlstorage.MustAddRows(lmp.lr)
+	logRowsStorage.MustAddRows(lmp.lr)
 	lmp.lr.ResetKeepSettings()
 }
 

app/vlinsert/insertutil/line_reader.go

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ func NewLineReader(name string, r io.Reader) *LineReader {
 // Check for Err in this case.
 func (lr *LineReader) NextLine() bool {
 	for {
+		lr.Line = nil
 		if lr.bufOffset >= len(lr.buf) {
 			if lr.err != nil || lr.eofReached {
 				return false

app/vlinsert/insertutil/line_reader_test.go

@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ func TestLineReader_Success(t *testing.T) {
 		if lr.NextLine() {
 			t.Fatalf("expecting error on the second call to NextLine()")
 		}
+		if len(lr.Line) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected non-empty line after failed NextLine(): %q", lr.Line)
+		}
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(lines, linesExpected) {
 			t.Fatalf("unexpected lines\ngot\n%q\nwant\n%q", lines, linesExpected)
 		}

app/vlinsert/insertutil/timestamp.go

@@ -38,7 +38,10 @@ func ExtractTimestampFromFields(timeFields []string, fields []logstorage.Field)
 }
 
 func parseTimestamp(s string) (int64, error) {
-	if s == "" || s == "0" {
+	// "-" is a nil timestamp value, if the syslog
+	// application is incapable of obtaining system time
+	// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5424#section-6.2.3
+	if s == "" || s == "0" || s == "-" {
 		return time.Now().UnixNano(), nil
 	}
 	if len(s) <= len("YYYY") || s[len("YYYY")] != '-' {

app/vlinsert/insertutil/timestamp_test.go

@@ -133,6 +133,33 @@ func TestExtractTimestampFromFields_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	}, 1718773640000000000)
 }
 
+func TestExtractTimestampFromFields_Now(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(timeField string, fields []logstorage.Field) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		nsecs, err := ExtractTimestampFromFields([]string{timeField}, fields)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+		}
+		if nsecs < 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected generated timestamp, got error: %s", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// RFC5424 allows `-` for nil timestamp (log ingestion time)
+	f("time", []logstorage.Field{
+		{Name: "time", Value: "-"},
+	})
+
+	f("time", []logstorage.Field{
+		{Name: "time", Value: ""},
+	})
+
+	f("time", []logstorage.Field{
+		{Name: "time", Value: "0"},
+	})
+}
+
 func TestExtractTimestampFromFields_Error(t *testing.T) {
 	f := func(s string) {
 		t.Helper()

app/vlinsert/internalinsert/internalinsert.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage/netinsert"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/flagutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ func RequestHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 		return
 	}
-	if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+	if err := insertutil.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -85,5 +84,5 @@ var (
 	requestsTotal = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/internal/insert"}`)
 	errorsTotal   = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_errors_total{path="/internal/insert"}`)
 
-	requestDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/internal/insert"}`)
+	requestDuration = metrics.NewSummary(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/internal/insert"}`)
 )

app/vlinsert/journald/journald.go

@@ -3,29 +3,30 @@ package journald
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
-	"regexp"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/flagutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/protoparser/protoparserutil"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/writeconcurrencylimiter"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/metrics"
 )
 
 // See https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/main/src/libsystemd/sd-journal/journal-file.c#L1703
-const journaldEntryMaxNameLen = 64
-
-var allowedJournaldEntryNameChars = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Z_][A-Z0-9_]*`)
+const maxFieldNameLen = 64
 
 var (
 	journaldStreamFields = flagutil.NewArrayString("journald.streamFields", "Comma-separated list of fields to use as log stream fields for logs ingested over journald protocol. "+
@@ -36,9 +37,7 @@ var (
 		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/journald/#time-field")
 	journaldTenantID = flag.String("journald.tenantID", "0:0", "TenantID for logs ingested via the Journald endpoint. "+
 		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/journald/#multitenancy")
-	journaldIncludeEntryMetadata = flag.Bool("journald.includeEntryMetadata", false, "Include journal entry fields, which with double underscores.")
-
-	maxRequestSize = flagutil.NewBytes("journald.maxRequestSize", 64*1024*1024, "The maximum size in bytes of a single journald request")
+	journaldIncludeEntryMetadata = flag.Bool("journald.includeEntryMetadata", false, "Include Journald fields with double underscore prefixes")
 )
 
 func getCommonParams(r *http.Request) (*insertutil.CommonParams, error) {
@@ -53,11 +52,12 @@ func getCommonParams(r *http.Request) (*insertutil.CommonParams, error) {
 		}
 		cp.TenantID = tenantID
 	}
-	if len(cp.TimeFields) == 0 {
+
+	if !cp.IsTimeFieldSet {
 		cp.TimeFields = []string{*journaldTimeField}
 	}
 	if len(cp.StreamFields) == 0 {
-		cp.StreamFields = *journaldStreamFields
+		cp.StreamFields = getStreamFields()
 	}
 	if len(cp.IgnoreFields) == 0 {
 		cp.IgnoreFields = *journaldIgnoreFields
@@ -66,10 +66,23 @@ func getCommonParams(r *http.Request) (*insertutil.CommonParams, error) {
 	return cp, nil
 }
 
+func getStreamFields() []string {
+	if len(*journaldStreamFields) > 0 {
+		return *journaldStreamFields
+	}
+	return defaultStreamFields
+}
+
+var defaultStreamFields = []string{
+	"_MACHINE_ID",
+	"_HOSTNAME",
+	"_SYSTEMD_UNIT",
+}
+
 // RequestHandler processes Journald Export insert requests
 func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 	switch path {
-	case "/upload":
+	case "/insert/journald/upload":
 		if r.Header.Get("Content-Type") != "application/vnd.fdo.journal" {
 			httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "only application/vnd.fdo.journal encoding is supported for Journald")
 			return true
@@ -84,7 +97,7 @@ func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 // handleJournald parses Journal binary entries
 func handleJournald(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) {
 	startTime := time.Now()
-	requestsJournaldTotal.Inc()
+	requestsTotal.Inc()
 
 	cp, err := getCommonParams(r)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -93,19 +106,25 @@ func handleJournald(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+	if err := insertutil.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
 		errorsTotal.Inc()
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 		return
 	}
 
 	encoding := r.Header.Get("Content-Encoding")
-	err = protoparserutil.ReadUncompressedData(r.Body, encoding, maxRequestSize, func(data []byte) error {
-		lmp := cp.NewLogMessageProcessor("journald", false)
-		err := parseJournaldRequest(data, lmp, cp)
-		lmp.MustClose()
-		return err
-	})
+	reader, err := protoparserutil.GetUncompressedReader(r.Body, encoding)
+	if err != nil {
+		errorsTotal.Inc()
+		logger.Errorf("cannot decode journald request: %s", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	lmp := cp.NewLogMessageProcessor("journald", true)
+	streamName := fmt.Sprintf("remoteAddr=%s, requestURI=%q", httpserver.GetQuotedRemoteAddr(r), r.RequestURI)
+	err = processStreamInternal(streamName, reader, lmp, cp)
+	protoparserutil.PutUncompressedReader(reader)
+	lmp.MustClose()
 	if err != nil {
 		errorsTotal.Inc()
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot read journald protocol data: %s", err)
@@ -117,102 +136,185 @@ func handleJournald(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) {
 	// See https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/34822
 	w.Header().Set("Accept-Encoding", "zstd")
 
-	// update requestJournaldDuration only for successfully parsed requests
-	// There is no need in updating requestJournaldDuration for request errors,
+	// update requestDuration only for successfully parsed requests
+	// There is no need in updating requestDuration for request errors,
 	// since their timings are usually much smaller than the timing for successful request parsing.
-	requestJournaldDuration.UpdateDuration(startTime)
+	requestDuration.UpdateDuration(startTime)
 }
 
 var (
-	requestsJournaldTotal = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/insert/journald/upload"}`)
-	errorsTotal           = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_errors_total{path="/insert/journald/upload"}`)
-
-	requestJournaldDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/journald/upload"}`)
+	requestsTotal   = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/insert/journald/upload"}`)
+	errorsTotal     = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_errors_total{path="/insert/journald/upload"}`)
+	requestDuration = metrics.NewSummary(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/journald/upload"}`)
 )
 
+func processStreamInternal(streamName string, r io.Reader, lmp insertutil.LogMessageProcessor, cp *insertutil.CommonParams) error {
+	wcr := writeconcurrencylimiter.GetReader(r)
+	defer writeconcurrencylimiter.PutReader(wcr)
+
+	lr := insertutil.NewLineReader("journald", wcr)
+
+	for {
+		err := readJournaldLogEntry(streamName, lr, lmp, cp)
+		wcr.DecConcurrency()
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+				return nil
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", streamName, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type fieldsBuf struct {
+	fields []logstorage.Field
+
+	buf   []byte
+	name  []byte
+	value []byte
+}
+
+func (fb *fieldsBuf) reset() {
+	fb.fields = fb.fields[:0]
+	fb.buf = fb.buf[:0]
+	fb.name = fb.name[:0]
+	fb.value = fb.value[:0]
+}
+
+func (fb *fieldsBuf) addField(name, value string) {
+	bufLen := len(fb.buf)
+	fb.buf = append(fb.buf, name...)
+	nameCopy := bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(fb.buf[bufLen:])
+
+	bufLen = len(fb.buf)
+	fb.buf = append(fb.buf, value...)
+	valueCopy := bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(fb.buf[bufLen:])
+
+	fb.fields = append(fb.fields, logstorage.Field{
+		Name:  nameCopy,
+		Value: valueCopy,
+	})
+}
+
+func (fb *fieldsBuf) appendNextLineToValue(lr *insertutil.LineReader) error {
+	if !lr.NextLine() {
+		if err := lr.Err(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected end of stream")
+	}
+	fb.value = append(fb.value, lr.Line...)
+	fb.value = append(fb.value, '\n')
+	return nil
+}
+
+func getFieldsBuf() *fieldsBuf {
+	fb := fieldsBufPool.Get()
+	if fb == nil {
+		return &fieldsBuf{}
+	}
+	return fb.(*fieldsBuf)
+}
+
+func putFieldsBuf(fb *fieldsBuf) {
+	fb.reset()
+	fieldsBufPool.Put(fb)
+}
+
+var fieldsBufPool sync.Pool
+
+// readJournaldLogEntry reads a single log entry in Journald format.
+//
 // See https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS/#journal-export-format
-func parseJournaldRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutil.LogMessageProcessor, cp *insertutil.CommonParams) error {
-	var fields []logstorage.Field
+func readJournaldLogEntry(streamName string, lr *insertutil.LineReader, lmp insertutil.LogMessageProcessor, cp *insertutil.CommonParams) error {
 	var ts int64
-	var size uint64
 	var name, value string
-	var line []byte
 
-	currentTimestamp := time.Now().UnixNano()
+	fb := getFieldsBuf()
+	defer putFieldsBuf(fb)
 
-	for len(data) > 0 {
-		idx := bytes.IndexByte(data, '\n')
-		switch {
-		case idx > 0:
-			// process fields
-			line = data[:idx]
-			data = data[idx+1:]
-		case idx == 0:
-			// next message or end of file
-			// double new line is a separator for the next message
-			if len(fields) > 0 {
+	if !lr.NextLine() {
+		if err := lr.Err(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot read the first field: %w", err)
+		}
+		return io.EOF
+	}
+
+	for {
+		line := lr.Line
+		if len(line) == 0 {
+			// The end of a single log entry. Write it to the storage
+			if len(fb.fields) > 0 {
 				if ts == 0 {
-					ts = currentTimestamp
+					ts = time.Now().UnixNano()
 				}
-				lmp.AddRow(ts, fields, nil)
-				fields = fields[:0]
+				lmp.AddRow(ts, fb.fields, nil)
 			}
-			// skip newline separator
-			data = data[1:]
-			continue
-		case idx < 0:
-			return fmt.Errorf("missing new line separator, unread data left=%d", len(data))
+			return nil
 		}
 
-		idx = bytes.IndexByte(line, '=')
-		// could b either e key=value\n pair
-		// or just  key\n
-		// with binary data at the buffer
-		if idx > 0 {
-			name = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(line[:idx])
-			value = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(line[idx+1:])
+		// line could be either "key=value" or "key"
+		// according to https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS/#journal-export-format
+		if n := bytes.IndexByte(line, '='); n >= 0 {
+			// line = "key=value"
+			fb.name = append(fb.name[:0], line[:n]...)
+			name = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(fb.name)
+
+			fb.value = append(fb.value[:0], line[n+1:]...)
+			value = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(fb.value)
 		} else {
-			name = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(line)
-			if len(data) == 0 {
-				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected zero data for binary field value of key=%s", name)
+			// line = "key"
+			// Parse the binary-encoded value from the next line according to "key\n<little_endian_size_64>value\n" format
+			fb.name = append(fb.name[:0], line...)
+			name = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(fb.name)
+
+			fb.value = fb.value[:0]
+			for len(fb.value) < 8 {
+				if err := fb.appendNextLineToValue(lr); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("cannot read value size: %w", err)
+				}
 			}
-			// size of binary data encoded as le i64 at the begging
-			idx, err := binary.Decode(data, binary.LittleEndian, &size)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to extract binary field %q value size: %w", name, err)
+			size := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(fb.value[:8])
+
+			// Read the value until its lenth exceeds the given size - the last char in the read value will always be '\n'
+			// because it is appended by appendNextLineToValue().
+			for uint64(len(fb.value[8:])) <= size {
+				if err := fb.appendNextLineToValue(lr); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("cannot read %q value with size %d bytes; read only %d bytes: %w", fb.name, size, len(fb.value[8:]), err)
+				}
 			}
-			// skip binary data size
-			data = data[idx:]
-			if size == 0 {
-				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected zero binary data size decoded %d", size)
+			value = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(fb.value[8 : len(fb.value)-1])
+			if uint64(len(value)) != size {
+				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected %q value size; got %d bytes; want %d bytes; value: %q", fb.name, len(value), size, value)
 			}
-			if int(size) > len(data) {
-				return fmt.Errorf("binary data size=%d cannot exceed size of the data at buffer=%d", size, len(data))
-			}
-			value = bytesutil.ToUnsafeString(data[:size])
-			data = data[int(size):]
-			// binary data must has new line separator for the new line or next field
-			if len(data) == 0 {
-				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected empty buffer after binary field=%s read", name)
-			}
-			lastB := data[0]
-			if lastB != '\n' {
-				return fmt.Errorf("expected new line separator after binary field=%s, got=%s", name, string(lastB))
-			}
-			data = data[1:]
 		}
-		if len(name) > journaldEntryMaxNameLen {
-			return fmt.Errorf("journald entry name should not exceed %d symbols, got: %q", journaldEntryMaxNameLen, name)
+
+		if !lr.NextLine() {
+			if err := lr.Err(); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("cannot read the next log field: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			// add the last log field below before the return
 		}
-		if !allowedJournaldEntryNameChars.MatchString(name) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("journald entry name should consist of `A-Z0-9_` characters and must start from non-digit symbol")
+
+		if len(name) > maxFieldNameLen {
+			logger.Errorf("%s: field name size should not exceed %d bytes; got %d bytes: %q; skipping this field", streamName, maxFieldNameLen, len(name), name)
+			continue
 		}
+		if !isValidFieldName(name) {
+			logger.Errorf("%s: invalid field name %q; it must consist of `A-Z0-9_` chars and must start from non-digit char; skipping this field", streamName, name)
+			continue
+		}
+
 		if slices.Contains(cp.TimeFields, name) {
-			n, err := strconv.ParseInt(value, 10, 64)
+			t, err := strconv.ParseInt(value, 10, 64)
 			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse Journald timestamp, %w", err)
+				logger.Errorf("%s: cannot parse timestamp from the field %q: %w; using the current timestamp", streamName, name, err)
+				ts = 0
+			} else {
+				// Convert journald microsecond timestamp to nanoseconds
+				ts = t * 1e3
 			}
-			ts = n * 1e3
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -220,18 +322,56 @@ func parseJournaldRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutil.LogMessageProcessor, cp *i
 			name = "_msg"
 		}
 
-		if *journaldIncludeEntryMetadata || !strings.HasPrefix(name, "__") {
-			fields = append(fields, logstorage.Field{
-				Name:  name,
-				Value: value,
-			})
+		if name == "PRIORITY" {
+			priority := journaldPriorityToLevel(value)
+			fb.addField("level", priority)
+		}
+
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(name, "__") || *journaldIncludeEntryMetadata {
+			fb.addField(name, value)
 		}
 	}
-	if len(fields) > 0 {
-		if ts == 0 {
-			ts = currentTimestamp
-		}
-		lmp.AddRow(ts, fields, nil)
-	}
-	return nil
+}
+
+func journaldPriorityToLevel(priority string) string {
+	// See https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd/Journal#Priority_level
+	// and https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/explore/logs-integration/#log-level
+	switch priority {
+	case "0":
+		return "emerg"
+	case "1":
+		return "alert"
+	case "2":
+		return "critical"
+	case "3":
+		return "error"
+	case "4":
+		return "warning"
+	case "5":
+		return "notice"
+	case "6":
+		return "info"
+	case "7":
+		return "debug"
+	default:
+		return priority
+	}
+}
+
+func isValidFieldName(s string) bool {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	c := s[0]
+	if !(c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' || c == '_') {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	for i := 1; i < len(s); i++ {
+		c := s[i]
+		if !(c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' || c >= '0' && c <= '9' || c == '_') {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
 }

app/vlinsert/journald/journald_test.go

@@ -1,20 +1,81 @@
 package journald
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"net/http"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
 )
 
-func TestPushJournaldOk(t *testing.T) {
+func TestIsValidFieldName(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(name string, resultExpected bool) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		result := isValidFieldName(name)
+		if result != resultExpected {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected result for isValidJournaldFieldName(%q); got %v; want %v", name, result, resultExpected)
+		}
+	}
+
+	f("", false)
+	f("a", false)
+	f("1", false)
+	f("_", true)
+	f("X", true)
+	f("Xa", false)
+	f("X_343", true)
+	f("X_0123456789_AZ", true)
+	f("SDDFD sdf", false)
+}
+
+func TestGetCommonParams_TimeField(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(timeFieldHeader, expectedTimeField string) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "/insert/journald/upload", nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error creating request: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		if timeFieldHeader != "" {
+			req.Header.Set("VL-Time-Field", timeFieldHeader)
+		}
+
+		cp, err := getCommonParams(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		if len(cp.TimeFields) != 1 || cp.TimeFields[0] != expectedTimeField {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected TimeFields; got %v; want [%s]", cp.TimeFields, expectedTimeField)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test default behavior - when no custom time field is specified, journald uses __REALTIME_TIMESTAMP
+	f("", "__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP")
+
+	// Test custom time field - when a custom time field is specified via HTTP header, it's respected
+	f("custom_time", "custom_time")
+}
+
+func TestPushJournald_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	f := func(src string, timestampsExpected []int64, resultExpected string) {
 		t.Helper()
+
 		tlp := &insertutil.TestLogMessageProcessor{}
-		cp := &insertutil.CommonParams{
-			TimeFields: []string{"__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP"},
-			MsgFields:  []string{"MESSAGE"},
+
+		r, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://foo.bar/baz", nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("cannot create request: %s", err)
 		}
-		if err := parseJournaldRequest([]byte(src), tlp, cp); err != nil {
+		cp, err := getCommonParams(r)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("cannot create commonParams: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		buf := bytes.NewBufferString(src)
+		if err := processStreamInternal("test", buf, tlp, cp); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
 		}
 
@@ -22,16 +83,17 @@ func TestPushJournaldOk(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	}
+
 	// Single event
-	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\nMESSAGE=Test message\n",
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\nMESSAGE=Test message\n\n",
 		[]int64{91723819283000},
 		"{\"_msg\":\"Test message\"}",
 	)
 
 	// Multiple events
-	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\nMESSAGE=Test message\n\n__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819284\nMESSAGE=Test message2\n",
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\nPRIORITY=3\nMESSAGE=Test message\n\n__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819284\nMESSAGE=Test message2\n",
 		[]int64{91723819283000, 91723819284000},
-		"{\"_msg\":\"Test message\"}\n{\"_msg\":\"Test message2\"}",
+		"{\"level\":\"error\",\"PRIORITY\":\"3\",\"_msg\":\"Test message\"}\n{\"_msg\":\"Test message2\"}",
 	)
 
 	// Parse binary data
@@ -39,30 +101,66 @@ func TestPushJournaldOk(t *testing.T) {
 		[]int64{1729698775704404000},
 		"{\"E\":\"JobStateChanged\",\"_BOOT_ID\":\"f778b6e2f7584a77b991a2366612a7b5\",\"_UID\":\"0\",\"_GID\":\"0\",\"_MACHINE_ID\":\"a4a970370c30a925df02a13c67167847\",\"_HOSTNAME\":\"ecd5e4555787\",\"_RUNTIME_SCOPE\":\"system\",\"_TRANSPORT\":\"journal\",\"_CAP_EFFECTIVE\":\"1ffffffffff\",\"_SYSTEMD_CGROUP\":\"/init.scope\",\"_SYSTEMD_UNIT\":\"init.scope\",\"_SYSTEMD_SLICE\":\"-.slice\",\"CODE_FILE\":\"\\u003cstdin>\",\"CODE_LINE\":\"1\",\"CODE_FUNC\":\"\\u003cmodule>\",\"SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER\":\"python3\",\"_COMM\":\"python3\",\"_EXE\":\"/usr/bin/python3.12\",\"_CMDLINE\":\"python3\",\"_msg\":\"foo\\nbar\\n\\n\\nasda\\nasda\",\"_PID\":\"2763\",\"_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP\":\"1729698775704375\"}",
 	)
+
+	// Parse binary data with trailing newline
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\n_CMDLINE=python3\nMESSAGE\n\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00foo\nbar\n\n\nasda\nasda\n\n_PID=2763\n\n",
+		[]int64{1729698775704404000},
+		`{"_CMDLINE":"python3","_msg":"foo\nbar\n\n\nasda\nasda\n","_PID":"2763"}`,
+	)
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\n_CMDLINE=python3\nMESSAGE\n\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\n_PID=2763\n\n",
+		[]int64{1729698775704404000},
+		`{"_CMDLINE":"python3","_PID":"2763"}`,
+	)
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\n_CMDLINE=python3\nMESSAGE\n\x0A\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00123456789\n\n_PID=2763\n\n",
+		[]int64{1729698775704404000},
+		`{"_CMDLINE":"python3","_msg":"123456789\n","_PID":"2763"}`,
+	)
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\n_CMDLINE=python3\nMESSAGE\n\x0A\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x001234567890\n_PID=2763\n\n",
+		[]int64{1729698775704404000},
+		`{"_CMDLINE":"python3","_msg":"1234567890","_PID":"2763"}`,
+	)
+
+	// Empty field name must be ignored
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\na=b\n=Test message", nil, "")
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819284\nMESSAGE=Test message2\n\n__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\n=Test message\n", []int64{91723819284000}, `{"_msg":"Test message2"}`)
+
+	// field name starting with number must be ignored
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\n1incorrect=Test message\n\n__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819284\nMESSAGE=Test message2\n\n", []int64{91723819284000}, `{"_msg":"Test message2"}`)
+
+	// field name exceeding 64 bytes limit must be ignored
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\ntoolooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooongcorrecooooooooooooong=Test message\n", nil, "")
+
+	// field name with invalid chars must be ignored
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\nbadC!@$!@$as=Test message\n", nil, "")
 }
 
 func TestPushJournald_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 	f := func(data string) {
 		t.Helper()
+
 		tlp := &insertutil.TestLogMessageProcessor{}
-		cp := &insertutil.CommonParams{
-			TimeFields: []string{"__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP"},
-			MsgFields:  []string{"MESSAGE"},
+
+		r, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://foo.bar/baz", nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("cannot create request: %s", err)
 		}
-		if err := parseJournaldRequest([]byte(data), tlp, cp); err == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("expected non nil error")
+		cp, err := getCommonParams(r)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("cannot create commonParams: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		buf := bytes.NewBufferString(data)
+		if err := processStreamInternal("test", buf, tlp, cp); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expecting non-nil error")
 		}
 	}
-	// missing new line terminator for binary encoded message
-	f("__CURSOR=s=e0afe8412a6a49d2bfcf66aa7927b588;i=1f06;b=f778b6e2f7584a77b991a2366612a7b5;m=300bdfd420;t=62526e1182354;x=930dc44b370963b7\n__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\nMESSAGE\n\x13\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00foo\nbar\n\n\nasdaasda2")
-	// missing new line terminator
-	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\n=Test message")
-	// empty field name
-	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\n=Test message\n")
-	// field name starting with number
-	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\n1incorrect=Test message\n")
-	// field name exceeds 64 limit
-	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\ntoolooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooongcorrecooooooooooooong=Test message\n")
-	// Only allow A-Z0-9 and '_'
-	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=91723819283\nbadC!@$!@$as=Test message\n")
+
+	// too short binary encoded message
+	f("__CURSOR=s=e0afe8412a6a49d2bfcf66aa7927b588;i=1f06;b=f778b6e2f7584a77b991a2366612a7b5;m=300bdfd420;t=62526e1182354;x=930dc44b370963b7\n__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\nMESSAGE\n\x13\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00foo\nbar\n\n\nasdaasd")
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\n_CMDLINE=python3\nMESSAGE\n\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00_PID=2763\n\n")
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\n_CMDLINE=python3\nMESSAGE\n\x0A\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x001234567890_PID=2763\n\n")
+	f("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\n_CMDLINE=python3\nMESSAGE\n\x0A\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00123456789\n_PID=2763\n\n")
+
+	// too long binary encoded message
+	f("__CURSOR=s=e0afe8412a6a49d2bfcf66aa7927b588;i=1f06;b=f778b6e2f7584a77b991a2366612a7b5;m=300bdfd420;t=62526e1182354;x=930dc44b370963b7\n__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=1729698775704404\nMESSAGE\n\x13\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00foo\nbar\n\n\nasdaasdakljlsfd")
 }

app/vlinsert/journald/journald_timing_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package journald
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
+)
+
+func BenchmarkIsValidFieldName(b *testing.B) {
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(benchmarkFields)))
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			for _, field := range benchmarkFields {
+				if !isValidFieldName(field) {
+					panic(fmt.Errorf("cannot validate field %q", field))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+var benchmarkFields = strings.Split(
+	"E,_BOOT_ID,_UID,_GID,_MACHINE_ID,_HOSTNAME,_RUNTIME_SCOPE,_TRANSPORT,_CAP_EFFECTIVE,_SYSTEMD_CGROUP,_SYSTEMD_UNIT,"+
+		"_SYSTEMD_SLICE,CODE_FILE,CODE_LINE,CODE_FUNC,SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER,_COMM,_EXE,_CMDLINE,MESSAGE,_PID,_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP,_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP",
+	",")
+
+func BenchmarkPushJournaldPerformance(b *testing.B) {
+	cp := &insertutil.CommonParams{
+		TimeFields: []string{"__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP"},
+		MsgFields:  []string{"MESSAGE"},
+	}
+	const dataChunkSize = 1024 * 1024
+
+	data := generateJournaldData(dataChunkSize)
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(data)))
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		r := &bytes.Reader{}
+		blp := &insertutil.BenchmarkLogMessageProcessor{}
+		for pb.Next() {
+			r.Reset(data)
+			if err := processStreamInternal("performance_test", r, blp, cp); err != nil {
+				panic(fmt.Errorf("unexpected error: %w", err))
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func generateJournaldData(size int) []byte {
+	var buf []byte
+	timestamp := time.Now().UnixMicro()
+	binaryMsg := []byte("binary message data for performance test")
+	var sizeBuf [8]byte
+
+	for len(buf) < size {
+		timestamp++
+
+		var entry string
+		// Generate a mix of simple and binary messages
+		if timestamp%10 == 0 {
+			// Generate binary message
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(sizeBuf[:], uint64(len(binaryMsg)))
+			entry = fmt.Sprintf("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=%d\nMESSAGE\n%s%s\n\n",
+				timestamp,
+				sizeBuf[:],
+				binaryMsg,
+			)
+		} else {
+			// Generate simple message
+			entry = fmt.Sprintf("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=%d\nMESSAGE=Performance test message %d\n\n", timestamp, timestamp)
+		}
+		buf = append(buf, entry...)
+	}
+	return buf
+}

app/vlinsert/jsonline/jsonline.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logger"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ func RequestHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 		return
 	}
-	if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+	if err := insertutil.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -120,5 +119,5 @@ var (
 	requestsTotal = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/insert/jsonline"}`)
 	errorsTotal   = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_errors_total{path="/insert/jsonline"}`)
 
-	requestDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/jsonline"}`)
+	requestDuration = metrics.NewSummary(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/jsonline"}`)
 )

app/vlinsert/loki/loki.go

@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ var disableMessageParsing = flag.Bool("loki.disableMessageParsing", false, "Whet
 // RequestHandler processes Loki insert requests
 func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 	switch path {
-	case "/api/v1/push":
+	case "/insert/loki/api/v1/push":
 		handleInsert(r, w)
 		return true
-	case "/ready":
+	case "/insert/loki/ready":
 		// See https://grafana.com/docs/loki/latest/api/#identify-ready-loki-instance
 		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
 		w.Write([]byte("ready"))

app/vlinsert/loki/loki_json.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/valyala/fastjson"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/flagutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ func handleJSON(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot parse common params from request: %s", err)
 		return
 	}
-	if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+	if err := insertutil.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ func handleJSON(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) {
 
 var (
 	requestsJSONTotal   = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/insert/loki/api/v1/push",format="json"}`)
-	requestJSONDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/loki/api/v1/push",format="json"}`)
+	requestJSONDuration = metrics.NewSummary(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/loki/api/v1/push",format="json"}`)
 )
 
 func parseJSONRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutil.LogMessageProcessor, msgFields []string, useDefaultStreamFields, parseMessage bool) error {

app/vlinsert/loki/loki_protobuf.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/protoparser/protoparserutil"
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ func handleProtobuf(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot parse common params from request: %s", err)
 		return
 	}
-	if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+	if err := insertutil.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ func handleProtobuf(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) {
 
 var (
 	requestsProtobufTotal   = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/insert/loki/api/v1/push",format="protobuf"}`)
-	requestProtobufDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/loki/api/v1/push",format="protobuf"}`)
+	requestProtobufDuration = metrics.NewSummary(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/loki/api/v1/push",format="protobuf"}`)
 )
 
 func parseProtobufRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutil.LogMessageProcessor, msgFields []string, useDefaultStreamFields, parseMessage bool) error {

app/vlinsert/main.go

@@ -58,35 +58,29 @@ func RequestHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 }
 
 func insertHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, path string) bool {
-	path = strings.TrimPrefix(path, "/insert")
-
 	switch path {
-	case "/jsonline":
+	case "/insert/jsonline":
 		jsonline.RequestHandler(w, r)
 		return true
-	case "/ready":
+	case "/insert/ready":
 		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 		w.WriteHeader(200)
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"status":"ok"}`)
 		return true
 	}
 	switch {
-	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/elasticsearch"):
-		// some clients may omit trailing slash
-		// see https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/8353
-		path = strings.TrimPrefix(path, "/elasticsearch")
+	// some clients may omit trailing slash at elasticsearch protocol.
+	// See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/8353
+	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/elasticsearch"):
 		return elasticsearch.RequestHandler(path, w, r)
-	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/loki/"):
-		path = strings.TrimPrefix(path, "/loki")
+
+	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/loki/"):
 		return loki.RequestHandler(path, w, r)
-	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/opentelemetry/"):
-		path = strings.TrimPrefix(path, "/opentelemetry")
+	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/opentelemetry/"):
 		return opentelemetry.RequestHandler(path, w, r)
-	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/journald/"):
-		path = strings.TrimPrefix(path, "/journald")
+	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/journald/"):
 		return journald.RequestHandler(path, w, r)
-	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/datadog/"):
-		path = strings.TrimPrefix(path, "/datadog")
+	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "/insert/datadog/"):
 		return datadog.RequestHandler(path, w, r)
 	}
 

app/vlinsert/opentelemetry/opentelemetry.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/flagutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httpserver"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ func RequestHandler(path string, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 	switch path {
 	// use the same path as opentelemetry collector
 	// https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/otlp/#otlphttp-request
-	case "/v1/logs":
+	case "/insert/opentelemetry/v1/logs":
 		if r.Header.Get("Content-Type") == "application/json" {
 			httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "json encoding isn't supported for opentelemetry format. Use protobuf encoding")
 			return true
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ func handleProtobuf(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "cannot parse common params from request: %s", err)
 		return
 	}
-	if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+	if err := insertutil.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
 		httpserver.Errorf(w, r, "%s", err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ var (
 	requestsProtobufTotal = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_requests_total{path="/insert/opentelemetry/v1/logs",format="protobuf"}`)
 	errorsTotal           = metrics.NewCounter(`vl_http_errors_total{path="/insert/opentelemetry/v1/logs",format="protobuf"}`)
 
-	requestProtobufDuration = metrics.NewHistogram(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/opentelemetry/v1/logs",format="protobuf"}`)
+	requestProtobufDuration = metrics.NewSummary(`vl_http_request_duration_seconds{path="/insert/opentelemetry/v1/logs",format="protobuf"}`)
 )
 
 func pushProtobufRequest(data []byte, lmp insertutil.LogMessageProcessor, msgFields []string, useDefaultStreamFields bool) error {

app/vlinsert/syslog/syslog.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlinsert/insertutil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vlstorage"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/bytesutil"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/cgroup"
 	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/flagutil"
@@ -385,7 +384,7 @@ func serveTCP(ln net.Listener, tenantID logstorage.TenantID, encoding string, us
 
 // processStream parses a stream of syslog messages from r and ingests them into vlstorage.
 func processStream(protocol string, r io.Reader, encoding string, useLocalTimestamp bool, cp *insertutil.CommonParams) error {
-	if err := vlstorage.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
+	if err := insertutil.CanWriteData(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 

app/vlinsert/syslog/syslog_test.go

@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ func TestProcessStreamInternal_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	currentYear := 2023
 	timestampsExpected := []int64{1685794113000000000, 1685880513000000000, 1685814132345000000}
 	resultExpected := `{"format":"rfc3164","hostname":"abcd","app_name":"systemd","_msg":"Starting Update the local ESM caches..."}
-{"priority":"165","facility":"20","severity":"5","format":"rfc3164","hostname":"abcd","app_name":"systemd","proc_id":"345","_msg":"abc defg"}
-{"priority":"123","facility":"15","severity":"3","format":"rfc5424","hostname":"mymachine.example.com","app_name":"appname","proc_id":"12345","msg_id":"ID47","exampleSDID@32473.iut":"3","exampleSDID@32473.eventSource":"Application 123 = ] 56","exampleSDID@32473.eventID":"11211","_msg":"This is a test message with structured data."}`
+{"priority":"165","facility_keyword":"local4","level":"notice","facility":"20","severity":"5","format":"rfc3164","hostname":"abcd","app_name":"systemd","proc_id":"345","_msg":"abc defg"}
+{"priority":"123","facility_keyword":"solaris-cron","level":"error","facility":"15","severity":"3","format":"rfc5424","hostname":"mymachine.example.com","app_name":"appname","proc_id":"12345","msg_id":"ID47","exampleSDID@32473.iut":"3","exampleSDID@32473.eventSource":"Application 123 = ] 56","exampleSDID@32473.eventID":"11211","_msg":"This is a test message with structured data."}`
 	f(data, currentYear, timestampsExpected, resultExpected)
 }
 

app/vlselect/vmui/assets/MetricsQL-Ckl-MH95.md

@@ -742,7 +742,23 @@ Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#k
 
 This function is supported by PromQL.
 
-See also [irate](#irate) and [rollup_rate](#rollup_rate).
+See also [irate](#irate), [rollup_rate](#rollup_rate) and [rate_prometheus](#rate_prometheus).
+
+#### rate_prometheus
+
+`rate_prometheus(series_selector[d])` {{% available_from "#" %}} is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the average per-second
+increase rate over the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/keyconcepts/#filtering).
+The resulting calculation is equivalent to `increase_prometheus(series_selector[d]) / d`.
+
+It doesn't take into account the last sample before the given lookbehind window `d` when calculating the result in the same way as Prometheus does.
+See [this article](https://medium.com/@romanhavronenko/victoriametrics-promql-compliance-d4318203f51e) for details.
+
+Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
+
+This function is usually applied to [counters](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/keyconcepts/#counter).
+
+See also [increase_prometheus](#increase_prometheus) and [rate](#rate).
+
 
 #### rate_over_sum
 

app/vlselect/vmui/index.html

@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@
   <meta property="og:title" content="UI for VictoriaLogs">
   <meta property="og:url" content="https://victoriametrics.com/products/victorialogs/">
   <meta property="og:description" content="Explore your log data with VictoriaLogs UI">
-  <script type="module" crossorigin src="./assets/index-BaRvaPfA.js"></script>
-  <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="./assets/vendor-D8IJGiEn.js">
+  <script type="module" crossorigin src="./assets/index-721xTF8u.js"></script>
+  <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="./assets/vendor-V4vnRsM-.js">
   <link rel="stylesheet" crossorigin href="./assets/vendor-D1GxaB_c.css">
-  <link rel="stylesheet" crossorigin href="./assets/index-C85_NB5q.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" crossorigin href="./assets/index-C36SC0pJ.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <noscript>You need to enable JavaScript to run this app.</noscript>

app/vlstorage/main.go

@@ -253,8 +253,11 @@ func processForceFlush(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+// Storage implements insertutil.LogRowsStorage interface
+type Storage struct{}
+
 // CanWriteData returns non-nil error if it cannot write data to vlstorage
-func CanWriteData() error {
+func (*Storage) CanWriteData() error {
 	if localStorage == nil {
 		// The data can be always written in non-local mode.
 		return nil
@@ -273,7 +276,7 @@ func CanWriteData() error {
 // MustAddRows adds lr to vlstorage
 //
 // It is advised to call CanWriteData() before calling MustAddRows()
-func MustAddRows(lr *logstorage.LogRows) {
+func (*Storage) MustAddRows(lr *logstorage.LogRows) {
 	if localStorage != nil {
 		// Store lr in the local storage.
 		localStorage.MustAddRows(lr)

app/vmalert/replay.go

@@ -20,9 +20,8 @@ var (
 		"The time filter in RFC3339 format to finish the replay by. E.g. '2020-01-01T20:07:00Z'. "+
 			"By default, is set to the current time.")
 	replayRulesDelay = flag.Duration("replay.rulesDelay", time.Second,
-		"Delay between rules evaluation within the group. Could be important if there are chained rules inside the group "+
-			"and processing need to wait for previous rule results to be persisted by remote storage before evaluating the next rule."+
-			"Keep it equal or bigger than -remoteWrite.flushInterval.")
+		"Delay before evaluating the next rule within the group. Is important for chained rules. "+
+			"Keep it equal or bigger than -remoteWrite.flushInterval. When set to >0, replay ignores group's concurrency setting.")
 	replayMaxDatapoints = flag.Int("replay.maxDatapointsPerQuery", 1e3,
 		"Max number of data points expected in one request. It affects the max time range for every '/query_range' request during the replay. The higher the value, the less requests will be made during replay.")
 	replayRuleRetryAttempts = flag.Int("replay.ruleRetryAttempts", 5,

app/vmalert/replay_test.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func (fr *fakeReplayQuerier) QueryRange(_ context.Context, q string, from, to ti
 }
 
 func TestReplay(t *testing.T) {
-	f := func(from, to string, maxDP int, cfg []config.Group, qb *fakeReplayQuerier) {
+	f := func(from, to string, maxDP int, ruleDelay time.Duration, cfg []config.Group, qb *fakeReplayQuerier) {
 		t.Helper()
 
 		fromOrig, toOrig, maxDatapointsOrig := *replayFrom, *replayTo, *replayMaxDatapoints
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func TestReplay(t *testing.T) {
 		}()
 
 		*replayRuleRetryAttempts = 1
-		*replayRulesDelay = time.Millisecond
+		*replayRulesDelay = ruleDelay
 		rwb := &remotewrite.DebugClient{}
 		*replayFrom = from
 		*replayTo = to
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func TestReplay(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// one rule + one response
-	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T12:02:00.000Z", 10, []config.Group{
+	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T12:02:00.000Z", 10, time.Millisecond, []config.Group{
 		{Rules: []config.Rule{{Record: "foo", Expr: "sum(up)"}}},
 	}, &fakeReplayQuerier{
 		registry: map[string]map[string]struct{}{
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func TestReplay(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// one rule + multiple responses
-	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T12:02:30.000Z", 1, []config.Group{
+	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T12:02:30.000Z", 1, time.Millisecond, []config.Group{
 		{Rules: []config.Rule{{Record: "foo", Expr: "sum(up)"}}},
 	}, &fakeReplayQuerier{
 		registry: map[string]map[string]struct{}{
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func TestReplay(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// datapoints per step
-	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T15:02:30.000Z", 60, []config.Group{
+	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T15:02:30.000Z", 60, time.Millisecond, []config.Group{
 		{Interval: promutil.NewDuration(time.Minute), Rules: []config.Rule{{Record: "foo", Expr: "sum(up)"}}},
 	}, &fakeReplayQuerier{
 		registry: map[string]map[string]struct{}{
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func TestReplay(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// multiple recording rules + multiple responses
-	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T12:02:30.000Z", 1, []config.Group{
+	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T12:02:30.000Z", 1, time.Millisecond, []config.Group{
 		{Rules: []config.Rule{{Record: "foo", Expr: "sum(up)"}}},
 		{Rules: []config.Rule{{Record: "bar", Expr: "max(up)"}}},
 	}, &fakeReplayQuerier{
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func TestReplay(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// multiple alerting rules + multiple responses
-	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T12:02:30.000Z", 1, []config.Group{
+	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T12:02:30.000Z", 1, time.Millisecond, []config.Group{
 		{Rules: []config.Rule{{Alert: "foo", Expr: "sum(up) > 1"}}},
 		{Rules: []config.Rule{{Alert: "bar", Expr: "max(up) < 1"}}},
 	}, &fakeReplayQuerier{
@@ -137,4 +137,21 @@ func TestReplay(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 	})
+
+	// multiple alerting rules in one group+ multiple responses + concurrency
+	f("2021-01-01T12:00:00.000Z", "2021-01-01T12:02:30.000Z", 1, 0, []config.Group{
+		{Rules: []config.Rule{{Alert: "foo", Expr: "sum(up) > 1"}, {Alert: "bar", Expr: "max(up) < 1"}}, Concurrency: 2}}, &fakeReplayQuerier{
+		registry: map[string]map[string]struct{}{
+			"sum(up) > 1": {
+				"12:00:00+12:01:00": {},
+				"12:01:00+12:02:00": {},
+				"12:02:00+12:02:30": {},
+			},
+			"max(up) < 1": {
+				"12:00:00+12:01:00": {},
+				"12:01:00+12:02:00": {},
+				"12:02:00+12:02:30": {},
+			},
+		},
+	})
 }

app/vmalert/rule/alerting.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"hash/fnv"
+	"math"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -335,7 +336,9 @@ func (ar *AlertingRule) execRange(ctx context.Context, start, end time.Time) ([]
 	var result []prompbmarshal.TimeSeries
 	holdAlertState := make(map[uint64]*notifier.Alert)
 	qFn := func(_ string) ([]datasource.Metric, error) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("`query` template isn't supported in replay mode")
+		logger.Warnf("`query` template isn't supported in replay mode, mocked data is used")
+		//  mock query results to allow common used template {{ query <$expr> | first | value }}
+		return []datasource.Metric{{Timestamps: []int64{0}, Values: []float64{math.NaN()}}}, nil
 	}
 	for _, s := range res.Data {
 		ls, as, err := ar.expandTemplates(s, qFn, time.Time{})
@@ -413,7 +416,7 @@ func (ar *AlertingRule) exec(ctx context.Context, ts time.Time, limit int) ([]pr
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to execute query %q: %w", ar.Expr, err)
 	}
 
-	ar.logDebugf(ts, nil, "query returned %d samples (elapsed: %s, isPartial: %t)", curState.Samples, curState.Duration, isPartialResponse(res))
+	ar.logDebugf(ts, nil, "query returned %d series (elapsed: %s, isPartial: %t)", curState.Samples, curState.Duration, isPartialResponse(res))
 	qFn := func(query string) ([]datasource.Metric, error) {
 		res, _, err := ar.q.Query(ctx, query, ts)
 		return res.Data, err

app/vmalert/rule/group.go

@@ -445,11 +445,17 @@ func (g *Group) Start(ctx context.Context, nts func() []notifier.Notifier, rw re
 
 			g.infof("re-started")
 		case <-t.C:
-			missed := (time.Since(evalTS) / g.Interval) - 1
+			// calculate the real wall clock offset by stripping the monotonic clock first,
+			// then evalTS can be corrected when wall clock is adjusted.
+			// see https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/8790#issuecomment-2986541829
+			offset := time.Now().Round(0).Sub(evalTS.Round(0))
+			missed := (offset / g.Interval) - 1
 			if missed < 0 {
 				// missed can become < 0 due to irregular delays during evaluation
-				// which can result in time.Since(evalTS) < g.Interval
+				// which can result in time.Since(evalTS) < g.Interval;
+				// or the system wall clock was changed backward
 				missed = 0
+				evalTS = time.Now()
 			}
 			if missed > 0 {
 				g.metrics.iterationMissed.Inc()
@@ -514,36 +520,84 @@ func (g *Group) Replay(start, end time.Time, rw remotewrite.RWClient, maxDataPoi
 	iterations := int(end.Sub(start)/step) + 1
 	fmt.Printf("\nGroup %q"+
 		"\ninterval: \t%v"+
-		"\nrequests to make: \t%d"+
+		"\nconcurrency: \t %d"+
+		"\nrequests to make per rule: \t%d"+
 		"\nmax range per request: \t%v\n",
-		g.Name, g.Interval, iterations, step)
+		g.Name, g.Interval, g.Concurrency, iterations, step)
 	if g.Limit > 0 {
-		fmt.Printf("\nPlease note, `limit: %d` param has no effect during replay.\n",
+		fmt.Printf("\nWarning: `limit: %d` param has no effect during replay.\n",
 			g.Limit)
 	}
-	for _, rule := range g.Rules {
-		fmt.Printf("> Rule %q (ID: %d)\n", rule, rule.ID())
-		var bar *pb.ProgressBar
-		if !disableProgressBar {
-			bar = pb.StartNew(iterations)
-		}
-		ri.reset()
-		for ri.next() {
-			n, err := replayRule(rule, ri.s, ri.e, rw, replayRuleRetryAttempts)
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Fatalf("rule %q: %s", rule, err)
+	concurrency := g.Concurrency
+	if g.Concurrency > 1 && replayDelay > 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("\nWarning: group concurrency %d will be ignored since `-replay.rulesDelay` is %.3f seconds."+
+			" Set -replay.rulesDelay=0 to enable concurrency for replay.\n", g.Concurrency, replayDelay.Seconds())
+		concurrency = 1
+	}
+
+	if concurrency == 1 {
+		for _, rule := range g.Rules {
+			var bar *pb.ProgressBar
+			if !disableProgressBar {
+				bar = pb.StartNew(iterations)
 			}
-			total += n
+			// pass ri as a copy, so it can be modified within the replayRuleRange
+			total += replayRuleRange(rule, ri, bar, rw, replayRuleRetryAttempts)
 			if bar != nil {
-				bar.Increment()
+				bar.Finish()
 			}
+			// sleep to let remote storage to flush data on-disk
+			// so chained rules could be calculated correctly
+			time.Sleep(replayDelay)
+		}
+		return total
+	}
+
+	sem := make(chan struct{}, g.Concurrency)
+	res := make(chan int, len(g.Rules)*iterations)
+	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	var bar *pb.ProgressBar
+	if !disableProgressBar {
+		bar = pb.StartNew(iterations * len(g.Rules))
+	}
+	for _, r := range g.Rules {
+		sem <- struct{}{}
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func(r Rule, ri rangeIterator) {
+			// pass ri as a copy, so it can be modified within the replayRuleRange
+			res <- replayRuleRange(r, ri, bar, rw, replayRuleRetryAttempts)
+			<-sem
+			wg.Done()
+		}(r, ri)
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+	close(res)
+	close(sem)
+
+	if bar != nil {
+		bar.Finish()
+	}
+
+	total = 0
+	for n := range res {
+		total += n
+	}
+	return total
+}
+
+func replayRuleRange(r Rule, ri rangeIterator, bar *pb.ProgressBar, rw remotewrite.RWClient, replayRuleRetryAttempts int) int {
+	fmt.Printf("> Rule %q (ID: %d)\n", r, r.ID())
+	total := 0
+	for ri.next() {
+		n, err := replayRule(r, ri.s, ri.e, rw, replayRuleRetryAttempts)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Fatalf("rule %q: %s", r, err)
 		}
 		if bar != nil {
-			bar.Finish()
+			bar.Increment()
 		}
-		// sleep to let remote storage to flush data on-disk
-		// so chained rules could be calculated correctly
-		time.Sleep(replayDelay)
+		total += n
 	}
 	return total
 }
@@ -570,11 +624,10 @@ type rangeIterator struct {
 	s, e time.Time
 }
 
-func (ri *rangeIterator) reset() {
-	ri.iter = 0
-	ri.s, ri.e = time.Time{}, time.Time{}
-}
-
+// next iterates with given step between start and end
+// by modifying iter, s and e.
+// Returns true until it reaches end.
+// next modifies ri and isn't thread-safe.
 func (ri *rangeIterator) next() bool {
 	ri.s = ri.start.Add(ri.step * time.Duration(ri.iter))
 	if !ri.end.After(ri.s) {

app/vmalert/web.qtpl

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
                             <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                     <th scope="col" style="width: 60%">Rule</th>
-                                    <th scope="col" style="width: 20%" class="text-center" title="How many samples were produced by the rule">Samples</th>
+                                    <th scope="col" style="width: 20%" class="text-center" title="How many series were produced by the rule">Series</th>
                                     <th scope="col" style="width: 20%" class="text-center" title="How many seconds ago rule was executed">Updated</th>
                                 </tr>
                             </thead>
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@
             <thead>
                 <tr>
                     <th scope="col" title="The time when event was created">Updated at</th>
-                    <th scope="col" style="width: 10%" class="text-center" title="How many samples were returned">Samples</th>
+                    <th scope="col" style="width: 10%" class="text-center" title="How many series expression returns. Each series will represent an alert.">Series returned</th>
                     {% if seriesFetchedEnabled %}<th scope="col" style="width: 10%" class="text-center" title="How many series were scanned by datasource during the evaluation">Series fetched</th>{% endif %}
                     <th scope="col" style="width: 10%" class="text-center" title="How many seconds request took">Duration</th>
                     <th scope="col" class="text-center" title="Time used for rule execution">Executed at</th>

app/vmalert/web.qtpl.go

@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ func StreamListGroups(qw422016 *qt422016.Writer, r *http.Request, groups []apiGr
                             <thead>
                                 <tr>
                                     <th scope="col" style="width: 60%">Rule</th>
-                                    <th scope="col" style="width: 20%" class="text-center" title="How many samples were produced by the rule">Samples</th>
+                                    <th scope="col" style="width: 20%" class="text-center" title="How many series were produced by the rule">Series</th>
                                     <th scope="col" style="width: 20%" class="text-center" title="How many seconds ago rule was executed">Updated</th>
                                 </tr>
                             </thead>
@@ -1697,7 +1697,7 @@ func StreamRuleDetails(qw422016 *qt422016.Writer, r *http.Request, rule apiRule)
             <thead>
                 <tr>
                     <th scope="col" title="The time when event was created">Updated at</th>
-                    <th scope="col" style="width: 10%" class="text-center" title="How many samples were returned">Samples</th>
+                    <th scope="col" style="width: 10%" class="text-center" title="How many series expression returns. Each series will represent an alert.">Series returned</th>
                     `)
 //line app/vmalert/web.qtpl:598
 	if seriesFetchedEnabled {

app/vmctl/remote_read_test.go

@@ -1,351 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/prompb"
-
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/backoff"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/barpool"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/remoteread"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/stepper"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/testdata/servers_integration_test"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/vm"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httputil"
-)
-
-func TestRemoteRead(t *testing.T) {
-	barpool.Disable(true)
-	defer func() {
-		barpool.Disable(false)
-	}()
-	defer func() { isSilent = false }()
-
-	var testCases = []struct {
-		name             string
-		remoteReadConfig remoteread.Config
-		vmCfg            vm.Config
-		start            string
-		end              string
-		numOfSamples     int64
-		numOfSeries      int64
-		rrp              remoteReadProcessor
-		chunk            string
-		remoteReadSeries func(start, end, numOfSeries, numOfSamples int64) []*prompb.TimeSeries
-		expectedSeries   []vm.TimeSeries
-	}{
-		{
-			name:             "step minute on minute time range",
-			remoteReadConfig: remoteread.Config{Addr: "", LabelName: "__name__", LabelValue: ".*"},
-			vmCfg:            vm.Config{Addr: "", Concurrency: 1},
-			start:            "2022-11-26T11:23:05+02:00",
-			end:              "2022-11-26T11:24:05+02:00",
-			numOfSamples:     2,
-			numOfSeries:      3,
-			chunk:            stepper.StepMinute,
-			remoteReadSeries: remote_read_integration.GenerateRemoteReadSeries,
-			expectedSeries: []vm.TimeSeries{
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "0"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1669454585000, 1669454615000},
-					Values:     []float64{0, 0},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "1"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1669454585000, 1669454615000},
-					Values:     []float64{100, 100},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "2"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1669454585000, 1669454615000},
-					Values:     []float64{200, 200},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name:             "step month on month time range",
-			remoteReadConfig: remoteread.Config{Addr: "", LabelName: "__name__", LabelValue: ".*"},
-			vmCfg: vm.Config{
-				Addr:        "",
-				Concurrency: 1,
-				Transport:   httputil.NewTransport(false, "vmctl_test_read"),
-			},
-			start:            "2022-09-26T11:23:05+02:00",
-			end:              "2022-11-26T11:24:05+02:00",
-			numOfSamples:     2,
-			numOfSeries:      3,
-			chunk:            stepper.StepMonth,
-			remoteReadSeries: remote_read_integration.GenerateRemoteReadSeries,
-			expectedSeries: []vm.TimeSeries{
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "0"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1664184185000},
-					Values:     []float64{0},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "1"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1664184185000},
-					Values:     []float64{100},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "2"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1664184185000},
-					Values:     []float64{200},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "0"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1666819415000},
-					Values:     []float64{0},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "1"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1666819415000},
-					Values:     []float64{100},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "2"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1666819415000},
-					Values:     []float64{200}},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range testCases {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			ctx := context.Background()
-			remoteReadServer := remote_read_integration.NewRemoteReadServer(t)
-			defer remoteReadServer.Close()
-			remoteWriteServer := remote_read_integration.NewRemoteWriteServer(t)
-			defer remoteWriteServer.Close()
-
-			tt.remoteReadConfig.Addr = remoteReadServer.URL()
-
-			rr, err := remoteread.NewClient(tt.remoteReadConfig)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("error create remote read client: %s", err)
-			}
-
-			start, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, tt.start)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Error parse start time: %s", err)
-			}
-
-			end, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, tt.end)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Error parse end time: %s", err)
-			}
-
-			rrs := tt.remoteReadSeries(start.Unix(), end.Unix(), tt.numOfSeries, tt.numOfSamples)
-
-			remoteReadServer.SetRemoteReadSeries(rrs)
-			remoteWriteServer.ExpectedSeries(tt.expectedSeries)
-
-			tt.vmCfg.Addr = remoteWriteServer.URL()
-
-			b, err := backoff.New(10, 1.8, time.Second*2)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("failed to create backoff: %s", err)
-			}
-			tt.vmCfg.Backoff = b
-
-			importer, err := vm.NewImporter(ctx, tt.vmCfg)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("failed to create VM importer: %s", err)
-			}
-			defer importer.Close()
-
-			rmp := remoteReadProcessor{
-				src: rr,
-				dst: importer,
-				filter: remoteReadFilter{
-					timeStart: &start,
-					timeEnd:   &end,
-					chunk:     tt.chunk,
-				},
-				cc:        1,
-				isVerbose: false,
-			}
-
-			err = rmp.run(ctx)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("failed to run remote read processor: %s", err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSteamRemoteRead(t *testing.T) {
-	barpool.Disable(true)
-	defer func() {
-		barpool.Disable(false)
-	}()
-	defer func() { isSilent = false }()
-
-	var testCases = []struct {
-		name             string
-		remoteReadConfig remoteread.Config
-		vmCfg            vm.Config
-		start            string
-		end              string
-		numOfSamples     int64
-		numOfSeries      int64
-		rrp              remoteReadProcessor
-		chunk            string
-		remoteReadSeries func(start, end, numOfSeries, numOfSamples int64) []*prompb.TimeSeries
-		expectedSeries   []vm.TimeSeries
-	}{
-		{
-			name:             "step minute on minute time range",
-			remoteReadConfig: remoteread.Config{Addr: "", LabelName: "__name__", LabelValue: ".*", UseStream: true},
-			vmCfg:            vm.Config{Addr: "", Concurrency: 1},
-			start:            "2022-11-26T11:23:05+02:00",
-			end:              "2022-11-26T11:24:05+02:00",
-			numOfSamples:     2,
-			numOfSeries:      3,
-			chunk:            stepper.StepMinute,
-			remoteReadSeries: remote_read_integration.GenerateRemoteReadSeries,
-			expectedSeries: []vm.TimeSeries{
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "0"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1669454585000, 1669454615000},
-					Values:     []float64{0, 0},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "1"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1669454585000, 1669454615000},
-					Values:     []float64{100, 100},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "2"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1669454585000, 1669454615000},
-					Values:     []float64{200, 200},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name:             "step month on month time range",
-			remoteReadConfig: remoteread.Config{Addr: "", LabelName: "__name__", LabelValue: ".*", UseStream: true},
-			vmCfg:            vm.Config{Addr: "", Concurrency: 1},
-			start:            "2022-09-26T11:23:05+02:00",
-			end:              "2022-11-26T11:24:05+02:00",
-			numOfSamples:     2,
-			numOfSeries:      3,
-			chunk:            stepper.StepMonth,
-			remoteReadSeries: remote_read_integration.GenerateRemoteReadSeries,
-			expectedSeries: []vm.TimeSeries{
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "0"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1664184185000},
-					Values:     []float64{0},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "1"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1664184185000},
-					Values:     []float64{100},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "2"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1664184185000},
-					Values:     []float64{200},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "0"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1666819415000},
-					Values:     []float64{0},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "1"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1666819415000},
-					Values:     []float64{100},
-				},
-				{
-					Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-					LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "2"}},
-					Timestamps: []int64{1666819415000},
-					Values:     []float64{200}},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range testCases {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			ctx := context.Background()
-			remoteReadServer := remote_read_integration.NewRemoteReadStreamServer(t)
-			defer remoteReadServer.Close()
-			remoteWriteServer := remote_read_integration.NewRemoteWriteServer(t)
-			defer remoteWriteServer.Close()
-
-			tt.remoteReadConfig.Addr = remoteReadServer.URL()
-
-			rr, err := remoteread.NewClient(tt.remoteReadConfig)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("error create remote read client: %s", err)
-			}
-
-			start, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, tt.start)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Error parse start time: %s", err)
-			}
-
-			end, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, tt.end)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Error parse end time: %s", err)
-			}
-
-			rrs := tt.remoteReadSeries(start.Unix(), end.Unix(), tt.numOfSeries, tt.numOfSamples)
-
-			remoteReadServer.InitMockStorage(rrs)
-			remoteWriteServer.ExpectedSeries(tt.expectedSeries)
-
-			tt.vmCfg.Addr = remoteWriteServer.URL()
-
-			b, err := backoff.New(10, 1.8, time.Second*2)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("failed to create backoff: %s", err)
-			}
-
-			tt.vmCfg.Backoff = b
-			importer, err := vm.NewImporter(ctx, tt.vmCfg)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("failed to create VM importer: %s", err)
-			}
-			defer importer.Close()
-
-			rmp := remoteReadProcessor{
-				src: rr,
-				dst: importer,
-				filter: remoteReadFilter{
-					timeStart: &start,
-					timeEnd:   &end,
-					chunk:     tt.chunk,
-				},
-				cc:        1,
-				isVerbose: false,
-			}
-
-			err = rmp.run(ctx)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("failed to run remote read processor: %s", err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}

app/vmctl/testdata/servers_integration_test/remote_write_server.go

@@ -1,306 +0,0 @@
-package remote_read_integration
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"reflect"
-	"sort"
-	"strconv"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/vm"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmselect/prometheus"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/protoparser/native/stream"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/protoparser/protoparserutil"
-	parser "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/protoparser/vmimport"
-)
-
-// LabelValues represents series from api/v1/series response
-type LabelValues map[string]string
-
-// Response represents response from api/v1/series
-type Response struct {
-	Status string        `json:"status"`
-	Series []LabelValues `json:"data"`
-}
-
-type MetricNamesResponse struct {
-	Status string   `json:"status"`
-	Data   []string `json:"data"`
-}
-
-// RemoteWriteServer represents fake remote write server with database
-type RemoteWriteServer struct {
-	server         *httptest.Server
-	series         []vm.TimeSeries
-	expectedSeries []vm.TimeSeries
-	tss            []vm.TimeSeries
-}
-
-// NewRemoteWriteServer prepares test remote write server
-func NewRemoteWriteServer(t *testing.T) *RemoteWriteServer {
-	rws := &RemoteWriteServer{series: make([]vm.TimeSeries, 0)}
-	mux := http.NewServeMux()
-
-	mux.Handle("/api/v1/import", rws.getWriteHandler(t))
-	mux.Handle("/health", rws.handlePing())
-	mux.Handle("/api/v1/series", rws.seriesHandler())
-	mux.Handle("/api/v1/label/__name__/values", rws.valuesHandler())
-	mux.Handle("/api/v1/export/native", rws.exportNativeHandler())
-	mux.Handle("/api/v1/import/native", rws.importNativeHandler(t))
-	rws.server = httptest.NewServer(mux)
-	return rws
-}
-
-// Close closes the server
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) Close() {
-	rws.server.Close()
-}
-
-// Series saves generated series for fake database
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) Series(series []vm.TimeSeries) {
-	rws.series = append(rws.series, series...)
-}
-
-// ExpectedSeries saves expected results to check in the handler
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) ExpectedSeries(series []vm.TimeSeries) {
-	rws.expectedSeries = append(rws.expectedSeries, series...)
-}
-
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) GetCollectedTimeSeries() []vm.TimeSeries {
-	return rws.tss
-}
-
-// URL returns server url
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) URL() string {
-	return rws.server.URL
-}
-
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) getWriteHandler(t *testing.T) http.Handler {
-	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r.Body)
-		var rows parser.Rows
-		for scanner.Scan() {
-
-			rows.Unmarshal(scanner.Text())
-			for _, row := range rows.Rows {
-				var labelPairs []vm.LabelPair
-				var ts vm.TimeSeries
-				nameValue := ""
-				for _, tag := range row.Tags {
-					if string(tag.Key) == "__name__" {
-						nameValue = string(tag.Value)
-						continue
-					}
-					labelPairs = append(labelPairs, vm.LabelPair{Name: string(tag.Key), Value: string(tag.Value)})
-				}
-
-				ts.Values = append(ts.Values, row.Values...)
-				ts.Timestamps = append(ts.Timestamps, row.Timestamps...)
-				ts.Name = nameValue
-				ts.LabelPairs = labelPairs
-				rws.tss = append(rws.tss, ts)
-			}
-			rows.Reset()
-		}
-
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
-		return
-	})
-}
-
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) handlePing() http.Handler {
-	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("OK"))
-	})
-}
-
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) seriesHandler() http.Handler {
-	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		var labelValues []LabelValues
-		for _, ser := range rws.series {
-			metricNames := make(LabelValues)
-			if ser.Name != "" {
-				metricNames["__name__"] = ser.Name
-			}
-			for _, p := range ser.LabelPairs {
-				metricNames[p.Name] = p.Value
-			}
-			labelValues = append(labelValues, metricNames)
-		}
-
-		resp := Response{
-			Status: "success",
-			Series: labelValues,
-		}
-
-		err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(resp)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("error send series: %s", err)
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
-			return
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) valuesHandler() http.Handler {
-	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		labelNames := make(map[string]struct{})
-		for _, ser := range rws.series {
-			if ser.Name != "" {
-				labelNames[ser.Name] = struct{}{}
-			}
-		}
-
-		metricNames := make([]string, 0, len(labelNames))
-		for k := range labelNames {
-			metricNames = append(metricNames, k)
-		}
-		resp := MetricNamesResponse{
-			Status: "success",
-			Data:   metricNames,
-		}
-
-		buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
-		err := json.NewEncoder(buf).Encode(resp)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("error send series: %s", err)
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
-			return
-		}
-
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
-		_, err = w.Write(buf.Bytes())
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("error send series: %s", err)
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
-			return
-		}
-		return
-	})
-}
-
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) exportNativeHandler() http.Handler {
-	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		now := time.Now()
-		err := prometheus.ExportNativeHandler(now, w, r)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("error export series via native protocol: %s", err)
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
-			return
-		}
-
-		return
-	})
-}
-
-func (rws *RemoteWriteServer) importNativeHandler(t *testing.T) http.Handler {
-	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		protoparserutil.StartUnmarshalWorkers()
-		defer protoparserutil.StopUnmarshalWorkers()
-
-		var gotTimeSeries []vm.TimeSeries
-		var mx sync.RWMutex
-
-		err := stream.Parse(r.Body, "", func(block *stream.Block) error {
-			mn := &block.MetricName
-			var timeseries vm.TimeSeries
-			timeseries.Name = string(mn.MetricGroup)
-			timeseries.Timestamps = append(timeseries.Timestamps, block.Timestamps...)
-			timeseries.Values = append(timeseries.Values, block.Values...)
-
-			for i := range mn.Tags {
-				tag := &mn.Tags[i]
-				timeseries.LabelPairs = append(timeseries.LabelPairs, vm.LabelPair{
-					Name:  string(tag.Key),
-					Value: string(tag.Value),
-				})
-			}
-
-			mx.Lock()
-			gotTimeSeries = append(gotTimeSeries, timeseries)
-			mx.Unlock()
-
-			return nil
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("error parse stream blocks: %s", err)
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
-			return
-		}
-
-		// got timeseries should be sorted
-		// because they are processed independently
-		sort.SliceStable(gotTimeSeries, func(i, j int) bool {
-			iv, jv := gotTimeSeries[i], gotTimeSeries[j]
-			switch {
-			case iv.Values[0] != jv.Values[0]:
-				return iv.Values[0] < jv.Values[0]
-			case iv.Timestamps[0] != jv.Timestamps[0]:
-				return iv.Timestamps[0] < jv.Timestamps[0]
-			default:
-				return iv.Name < jv.Name
-			}
-		})
-
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotTimeSeries, rws.expectedSeries) {
-			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
-			t.Fatalf("datasets not equal, expected: %#v;\n got: %#v", rws.expectedSeries, gotTimeSeries)
-		}
-
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
-		return
-	})
-}
-
-// GenerateVNSeries generates test timeseries
-func GenerateVNSeries(start, end, numOfSeries, numOfSamples int64) []vm.TimeSeries {
-	var ts []vm.TimeSeries
-	j := 0
-	for i := 0; i < int(numOfSeries); i++ {
-		if i%3 == 0 {
-			j++
-		}
-
-		timeSeries := vm.TimeSeries{
-			Name: fmt.Sprintf("vm_metric_%d", j),
-			LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{
-				{Name: "job", Value: strconv.Itoa(i)},
-			},
-		}
-
-		ts = append(ts, timeSeries)
-	}
-
-	for i := range ts {
-		t, v := generateTimeStampsAndValues(i, start, end, numOfSamples)
-		ts[i].Timestamps = t
-		ts[i].Values = v
-	}
-
-	return ts
-}
-
-func generateTimeStampsAndValues(idx int, startTime, endTime, numOfSamples int64) ([]int64, []float64) {
-	delta := (endTime - startTime) / numOfSamples
-
-	var timestamps []int64
-	var values []float64
-	t := startTime
-	for t != endTime {
-		v := 100 * int64(idx)
-		timestamps = append(timestamps, t*1000)
-		values = append(values, float64(v))
-		t = t + delta
-	}
-
-	return timestamps, values
-}

app/vmctl/vm_native_test.go

@@ -1,268 +1,9 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"context"
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/backoff"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/barpool"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/native"
-	remote_read_integration "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/testdata/servers_integration_test"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmctl/vm"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmselect/promql"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/app/vmstorage"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/httputil"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
-	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/storage"
 )
 
-const (
-	storagePath       = "TestStorage"
-	retentionPeriod   = "100y"
-	deleteSeriesLimit = 3e3
-)
-
-func TestVMNativeProcessorRun(t *testing.T) {
-	f := func(startStr, endStr string, numOfSeries, numOfSamples int, resultExpected []vm.TimeSeries) {
-		t.Helper()
-
-		src := remote_read_integration.NewRemoteWriteServer(t)
-		dst := remote_read_integration.NewRemoteWriteServer(t)
-
-		defer func() {
-			src.Close()
-			dst.Close()
-		}()
-
-		start, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, startStr)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("cannot parse start time: %s", err)
-		}
-
-		end, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, endStr)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("cannot parse end time: %s", err)
-		}
-
-		matchName := "__name__"
-		matchValue := ".*"
-		filter := native.Filter{
-			Match:     fmt.Sprintf("{%s=~%q}", matchName, matchValue),
-			TimeStart: startStr,
-			TimeEnd:   endStr,
-		}
-
-		rws := remote_read_integration.GenerateVNSeries(start.Unix(), end.Unix(), int64(numOfSeries), int64(numOfSamples))
-
-		src.Series(rws)
-		dst.ExpectedSeries(resultExpected)
-
-		if err := fillStorage(rws); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("cannot add series to storage: %s", err)
-		}
-
-		tr := httputil.NewTransport(false, "test_client")
-		tr.DisableKeepAlives = false
-
-		srcClient := &native.Client{
-			AuthCfg:     nil,
-			Addr:        src.URL(),
-			ExtraLabels: []string{},
-			HTTPClient: &http.Client{
-				Transport: tr,
-			},
-		}
-		dstClient := &native.Client{
-			AuthCfg:     nil,
-			Addr:        dst.URL(),
-			ExtraLabels: []string{},
-			HTTPClient: &http.Client{
-				Transport: tr,
-			},
-		}
-
-		isSilent = true
-		defer func() { isSilent = false }()
-
-		bf, err := backoff.New(10, 1.8, time.Second*2)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("cannot create backoff: %s", err)
-		}
-
-		p := &vmNativeProcessor{
-			filter:   filter,
-			dst:      dstClient,
-			src:      srcClient,
-			backoff:  bf,
-			cc:       1,
-			isNative: true,
-		}
-
-		ctx := context.Background()
-		if err := p.run(ctx); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("run() error: %s", err)
-		}
-		deleted, err := deleteSeries(matchName, matchValue)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("cannot delete series: %s", err)
-		}
-		if deleted != numOfSeries {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected number of deleted series; got %d; want %d", deleted, numOfSeries)
-		}
-	}
-
-	processFlags()
-	vmstorage.Init(promql.ResetRollupResultCacheIfNeeded)
-	defer func() {
-		vmstorage.Stop()
-		if err := os.RemoveAll(storagePath); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("cannot remove %q: %s", storagePath, err)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	barpool.Disable(true)
-	defer func() {
-		barpool.Disable(false)
-	}()
-
-	// step minute on minute time range
-	start := "2022-11-25T11:23:05+02:00"
-	end := "2022-11-27T11:24:05+02:00"
-	numOfSeries := 3
-	numOfSamples := 2
-	resultExpected := []vm.TimeSeries{
-		{
-			Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-			LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "0"}},
-			Timestamps: []int64{1669368185000, 1669454615000},
-			Values:     []float64{0, 0},
-		},
-		{
-			Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-			LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "1"}},
-			Timestamps: []int64{1669368185000, 1669454615000},
-			Values:     []float64{100, 100},
-		},
-		{
-			Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-			LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "2"}},
-			Timestamps: []int64{1669368185000, 1669454615000},
-			Values:     []float64{200, 200},
-		},
-	}
-	f(start, end, numOfSeries, numOfSamples, resultExpected)
-
-	// step month on month time range
-	start = "2022-09-26T11:23:05+02:00"
-	end = "2022-11-26T11:24:05+02:00"
-	numOfSeries = 3
-	numOfSamples = 2
-	resultExpected = []vm.TimeSeries{
-		{
-			Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-			LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "0"}},
-			Timestamps: []int64{1664184185000},
-			Values:     []float64{0},
-		},
-		{
-			Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-			LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "0"}},
-			Timestamps: []int64{1666819415000},
-			Values:     []float64{0},
-		},
-		{
-			Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-			LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "1"}},
-			Timestamps: []int64{1664184185000},
-			Values:     []float64{100},
-		},
-		{
-			Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-			LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "1"}},
-			Timestamps: []int64{1666819415000},
-			Values:     []float64{100},
-		},
-		{
-			Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-			LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "2"}},
-			Timestamps: []int64{1664184185000},
-			Values:     []float64{200},
-		},
-		{
-			Name:       "vm_metric_1",
-			LabelPairs: []vm.LabelPair{{Name: "job", Value: "2"}},
-			Timestamps: []int64{1666819415000},
-			Values:     []float64{200},
-		},
-	}
-	f(start, end, numOfSeries, numOfSamples, resultExpected)
-}
-
-func processFlags() {
-	flag.Parse()
-	for _, fv := range []struct {
-		flag  string
-		value string
-	}{
-		{flag: "storageDataPath", value: storagePath},
-		{flag: "retentionPeriod", value: retentionPeriod},
-	} {
-		// panics if flag doesn't exist
-		if err := flag.Lookup(fv.flag).Value.Set(fv.value); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("unable to set %q with value %q, err: %v", fv.flag, fv.value, err)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func fillStorage(series []vm.TimeSeries) error {
-	var mrs []storage.MetricRow
-	for _, series := range series {
-		var labels []prompbmarshal.Label
-		for _, lp := range series.LabelPairs {
-			labels = append(labels, prompbmarshal.Label{
-				Name:  lp.Name,
-				Value: lp.Value,
-			})
-		}
-		if series.Name != "" {
-			labels = append(labels, prompbmarshal.Label{
-				Name:  "__name__",
-				Value: series.Name,
-			})
-		}
-		mr := storage.MetricRow{}
-		mr.MetricNameRaw = storage.MarshalMetricNameRaw(mr.MetricNameRaw[:0], labels)
-
-		timestamps := series.Timestamps
-		values := series.Values
-		for i, value := range values {
-			mr.Timestamp = timestamps[i]
-			mr.Value = value
-			mrs = append(mrs, mr)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if err := vmstorage.AddRows(mrs); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected error in AddRows: %s", err)
-	}
-	vmstorage.Storage.DebugFlush()
-	return nil
-}
-
-func deleteSeries(name, value string) (int, error) {
-	tfs := storage.NewTagFilters()
-	if err := tfs.Add([]byte(name), []byte(value), false, true); err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unexpected error in TagFilters.Add: %w", err)
-	}
-	return vmstorage.DeleteSeries(nil, []*storage.TagFilters{tfs}, deleteSeriesLimit)
-}
-
 func TestBuildMatchWithFilter_Failure(t *testing.T) {
 	f := func(filter, metricName string) {
 		t.Helper()

app/vmselect/prometheus/prometheus.go

@@ -818,6 +818,7 @@ func QueryHandler(qt *querytracer.Tracer, startTime time.Time, w http.ResponseWr
 		LookbackDelta:       lookbackDelta,
 		RoundDigits:         getRoundDigits(r),
 		EnforcedTagFilterss: etfs,
+		CacheTagFilters:     etfs,
 		GetRequestURI: func() string {
 			return httpserver.GetRequestURI(r)
 		},
@@ -927,6 +928,7 @@ func queryRangeHandler(qt *querytracer.Tracer, startTime time.Time, w http.Respo
 		LookbackDelta:       lookbackDelta,
 		RoundDigits:         getRoundDigits(r),
 		EnforcedTagFilterss: etfs,
+		CacheTagFilters:     etfs,
 		GetRequestURI: func() string {
 			return httpserver.GetRequestURI(r)
 		},

app/vmselect/promql/eval.go

@@ -140,6 +140,13 @@ type EvalConfig struct {
 	// EnforcedTagFilterss may contain additional label filters to use in the query.
 	EnforcedTagFilterss [][]storage.TagFilter
 
+	// CacheTagFilters stores the original tag-filter sets and extra_label from the request.
+	// The slice is never modified after creation and is used only to build
+	// the query-cache key.
+	//
+	// See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/9001
+	CacheTagFilters [][]storage.TagFilter
+
 	// The callback, which returns the request URI during logging.
 	// The request URI isn't stored here because its' construction may take non-trivial amounts of CPU.
 	GetRequestURI func() string
@@ -166,6 +173,7 @@ func copyEvalConfig(src *EvalConfig) *EvalConfig {
 	ec.LookbackDelta = src.LookbackDelta
 	ec.RoundDigits = src.RoundDigits
 	ec.EnforcedTagFilterss = src.EnforcedTagFilterss
+	ec.CacheTagFilters = src.CacheTagFilters
 	ec.GetRequestURI = src.GetRequestURI
 	ec.QueryStats = src.QueryStats
 
@@ -1966,11 +1974,14 @@ func sumNoOverflow(a, b int64) int64 {
 }
 
 func dropStaleNaNs(funcName string, values []float64, timestamps []int64) ([]float64, []int64) {
-	if *noStaleMarkers || funcName == "default_rollup" || funcName == "stale_samples_over_time" {
+	if *noStaleMarkers || funcName == "stale_samples_over_time" ||
+		funcName == "default_rollup" || funcName == "increase" || funcName == "rate" {
 		// Do not drop Prometheus staleness marks (aka stale NaNs) for default_rollup() function,
 		// since it uses them for Prometheus-style staleness detection.
 		// Do not drop staleness marks for stale_samples_over_time() function, since it needs
 		// to calculate the number of staleness markers.
+		// Do not drop staleness marks for increase() and rate() function, so they could stop
+		// returning results for stale series. See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/8891
 		return values, timestamps
 	}
 	// Remove Prometheus staleness marks, so non-default rollup functions don't hit NaN values.

app/vmselect/promql/rollup.go

@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ var rollupFuncs = map[string]newRollupFunc{
 	"quantile_over_time":      newRollupQuantile,
 	"quantiles_over_time":     newRollupQuantiles,
 	"range_over_time":         newRollupFuncOneArg(rollupRange),
-	"rate":                    newRollupFuncOneArg(rollupDerivFast), // + rollupFuncsRemoveCounterResets
+	"rate":                    newRollupFuncOneArg(rollupDerivFast),           // + rollupFuncsRemoveCounterResets
+	"rate_prometheus":         newRollupFuncOneArg(rollupDerivFastPrometheus), // + rollupFuncsRemoveCounterResets
 	"rate_over_sum":           newRollupFuncOneArg(rollupRateOverSum),
 	"resets":                  newRollupFuncOneArg(rollupResets),
 	"rollup":                  newRollupFuncOneOrTwoArgs(rollupFake),
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ var rollupAggrFuncs = map[string]rollupFunc{
 	"zscore_over_time":        rollupZScoreOverTime,
 }
 
-// VictoriaMetrics can extends lookbehind window for these functions
+// VictoriaMetrics can extend lookbehind window for these functions
 // in order to make sure it contains enough points for returning non-empty results.
 //
 // This is needed for returning the expected non-empty graphs when zooming in the graph in Grafana,
@@ -225,6 +226,7 @@ var rollupFuncsRemoveCounterResets = map[string]bool{
 	"increase_pure":       true,
 	"irate":               true,
 	"rate":                true,
+	"rate_prometheus":     true,
 	"rollup_increase":     true,
 	"rollup_rate":         true,
 }
@@ -252,6 +254,7 @@ var rollupFuncsSamplesScannedPerCall = map[string]int{
 	"lifetime":            2,
 	"present_over_time":   1,
 	"rate":                2,
+	"rate_prometheus":     2,
 	"scrape_interval":     2,
 	"tfirst_over_time":    1,
 	"timestamp":           1,
@@ -913,15 +916,18 @@ func getMaxPrevInterval(scrapeInterval int64) int64 {
 	return scrapeInterval + scrapeInterval/8
 }
 
+// removeCounterResets removes resets for rollup functions over counters - see rollupFuncsRemoveCounterResets
+// it doesn't remove resets between samples with staleNaNs, or samples that exceed maxStalenessInterval
 func removeCounterResets(values []float64, timestamps []int64, maxStalenessInterval int64) {
-	// There is no need in handling NaNs here, since they are impossible
-	// on values from vmstorage.
 	if len(values) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 	var correction float64
 	prevValue := values[0]
 	for i, v := range values {
+		if decimal.IsStaleNaN(v) {
+			continue
+		}
 		d := v - prevValue
 		if d < 0 {
 			if (-d * 8) < prevValue {
@@ -1853,8 +1859,13 @@ func rollupIncreasePure(rfa *rollupFuncArg) float64 {
 
 func rollupDelta(rfa *rollupFuncArg) float64 {
 	// There is no need in handling NaNs here, since they must be cleaned up
-	// before calling rollup funcs.
+	// before calling rollup funcs. Only StaleNaNs could remain in values - see dropStaleNaNs().
 	values := rfa.values
+	if len(values) > 0 && decimal.IsStaleNaN(values[len(values)-1]) {
+		// if last sample on interval is staleness marker then the selected series is expected
+		// to stop rendering immediately. See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/8891
+		return nan
+	}
 	prevValue := rfa.prevValue
 	if math.IsNaN(prevValue) {
 		if len(values) == 0 {
@@ -1938,10 +1949,23 @@ func rollupDerivSlow(rfa *rollupFuncArg) float64 {
 	return k
 }
 
+func rollupDerivFastPrometheus(rfa *rollupFuncArg) float64 {
+	delta := rollupDeltaPrometheus(rfa)
+	if math.IsNaN(delta) || rfa.window == 0 {
+		return nan
+	}
+	return delta / (float64(rfa.window) / 1e3)
+}
+
 func rollupDerivFast(rfa *rollupFuncArg) float64 {
 	// There is no need in handling NaNs here, since they must be cleaned up
-	// before calling rollup funcs.
+	// before calling rollup funcs. Only StaleNaNs could remain in values - see  - see dropStaleNaNs().
 	values := rfa.values
+	if len(values) > 0 && decimal.IsStaleNaN(values[len(values)-1]) {
+		// if last sample on interval is staleness marker then the selected series is expected
+		// to stop rendering immediately. See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/issues/8891
+		return nan
+	}
 	timestamps := rfa.timestamps
 	prevValue := rfa.prevValue
 	prevTimestamp := rfa.prevTimestamp

app/vmselect/promql/rollup_result_cache.go

@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ func (rrc *rollupResultCache) GetSeries(qt *querytracer.Tracer, ec *EvalConfig,
 	bb := bbPool.Get()
 	defer bbPool.Put(bb)
 
-	bb.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKeyForSeries(bb.B[:0], expr, window, ec.Step, ec.EnforcedTagFilterss)
+	bb.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKeyForSeries(bb.B[:0], expr, window, ec.Step, ec.CacheTagFilters)
 	metainfoBuf := rrc.c.Get(nil, bb.B)
 	if len(metainfoBuf) == 0 {
 		qt.Printf("nothing found")
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ func (rrc *rollupResultCache) GetSeries(qt *querytracer.Tracer, ec *EvalConfig,
 	if !ok {
 		mi.RemoveKey(key)
 		metainfoBuf = mi.Marshal(metainfoBuf[:0])
-		bb.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKeyForSeries(bb.B[:0], expr, window, ec.Step, ec.EnforcedTagFilterss)
+		bb.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKeyForSeries(bb.B[:0], expr, window, ec.Step, ec.CacheTagFilters)
 		rrc.c.Set(bb.B, metainfoBuf)
 		return nil, ec.Start
 	}
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ func (rrc *rollupResultCache) PutSeries(qt *querytracer.Tracer, ec *EvalConfig,
 	metainfoBuf := bbPool.Get()
 	defer bbPool.Put(metainfoBuf)
 
-	metainfoKey.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKeyForSeries(metainfoKey.B[:0], expr, window, ec.Step, ec.EnforcedTagFilterss)
+	metainfoKey.B = marshalRollupResultCacheKeyForSeries(metainfoKey.B[:0], expr, window, ec.Step, ec.CacheTagFilters)
 	metainfoBuf.B = rrc.c.Get(metainfoBuf.B[:0], metainfoKey.B)
 	var mi rollupResultCacheMetainfo
 	if len(metainfoBuf.B) > 0 {

app/vmselect/promql/rollup_test.go

@@ -156,6 +156,14 @@ func TestRemoveCounterResets(t *testing.T) {
 	removeCounterResets(values, timestamps, 10)
 	testRowsEqual(t, values, timestamps, valuesExpected, timestamps)
 
+	// verify that staleNaNs are respected
+	// it is important to have counter reset in values below to trigger correction logic
+	values = []float64{2, 4, 2, decimal.StaleNaN}
+	timestamps = []int64{10, 20, 30, 40}
+	valuesExpected = []float64{2, 4, 6, decimal.StaleNaN}
+	removeCounterResets(values, timestamps, 10)
+	testRowsEqual(t, values, timestamps, valuesExpected, timestamps)
+
 	// verify results always increase monotonically with possible float operations precision error
 	values = []float64{34.094223, 2.7518, 2.140669, 0.044878, 1.887095, 2.546569, 2.490149, 0.045, 0.035684, 0.062454, 0.058296}
 	timestampsExpected = []int64{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
@@ -648,6 +656,7 @@ func TestRollupNewRollupFuncSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 	f("irate", 0)
 	f("outlier_iqr_over_time", nan)
 	f("rate", 2200)
+	f("rate_prometheus", 2200)
 	f("resets", 5)
 	f("range_over_time", 111)
 	f("avg_over_time", 47.083333333333336)
@@ -1525,16 +1534,31 @@ func testRowsEqual(t *testing.T, values []float64, timestamps []int64, valuesExp
 				i, ts, tsExpected, timestamps, timestampsExpected)
 		}
 		vExpected := valuesExpected[i]
+		if decimal.IsStaleNaN(v) {
+			if !decimal.IsStaleNaN(vExpected) {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected stale NaN value at values[%d]; want %f\nvalues=\n%v\nvaluesExpected=\n%v",
+					i, vExpected, values, valuesExpected)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		// staleNaNBits == math.NaN(), but decimal.IsStaleNaN(math.NaN()) == false
+		// so we check for decimal.IsStaleNaN first.
+		if decimal.IsStaleNaN(vExpected) {
+			if !decimal.IsStaleNaN(v) {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected value at values[%d]; got %f; want stale NaN\nvalues=\n%v\nvaluesExpected=\n%v",
+					i, v, values, valuesExpected)
+			}
+		}
 		if math.IsNaN(v) {
 			if !math.IsNaN(vExpected) {
-				t.Fatalf("unexpected nan value at values[%d]; want %f\nvalues=\n%v\nvaluesExpected=\n%v",
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected NaN value at values[%d]; want %f\nvalues=\n%v\nvaluesExpected=\n%v",
 					i, vExpected, values, valuesExpected)
 			}
 			continue
 		}
 		if math.IsNaN(vExpected) {
 			if !math.IsNaN(v) {
-				t.Fatalf("unexpected value at values[%d]; got %f; want nan\nvalues=\n%v\nvaluesExpected=\n%v",
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected value at values[%d]; got %f; want NaN\nvalues=\n%v\nvaluesExpected=\n%v",
 					i, v, values, valuesExpected)
 			}
 			continue
@@ -1608,6 +1632,33 @@ func TestRollupDelta(t *testing.T) {
 	f(100, nan, nan, nil, 0)
 }
 
+func TestRollupDerivFastPrometheus(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(values []float64, window int64, resultExpected float64) {
+		t.Helper()
+		rfa := &rollupFuncArg{
+			values: values,
+			window: window,
+		}
+		result := rollupDerivFastPrometheus(rfa)
+		if math.IsNaN(result) {
+			if !math.IsNaN(resultExpected) {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected result; got %v; want %v", result, resultExpected)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		if result != resultExpected {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected result; got %v; want %v", result, resultExpected)
+		}
+	}
+	f(nil, 0, nan)
+	f(nil, 10, nan)
+	f([]float64{0, 10}, 0, nan)
+	f([]float64{10}, 10, nan)
+
+	f([]float64{0, 20}, 10e3, 2)
+	f([]float64{0, 10, 20}, 10e3, 2)
+}
+
 func TestRollupDeltaWithStaleness(t *testing.T) {
 	// there is a gap between samples in the dataset below
 	timestamps := []int64{0, 15000, 30000, 70000}
@@ -1746,6 +1797,28 @@ func TestRollupDeltaWithStaleness(t *testing.T) {
 		timestampsExpected := []int64{0, 30e3, 60e3, 90e3}
 		testRowsEqual(t, gotValues, rc.Timestamps, valuesExpected, timestampsExpected)
 	})
+
+	// the last sample is stale NaN
+	timestamps = []int64{0, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000}
+	values = []float64{0, 0, 0, 10, decimal.StaleNaN}
+	t.Run("last point is stale nan", func(t *testing.T) {
+		rc := rollupConfig{
+			Func:               rollupDelta,
+			Start:              40001,
+			End:                40001,
+			Step:               50000,
+			Window:             0,
+			MaxPointsPerSeries: 1e4,
+		}
+		rc.Timestamps = rc.getTimestamps()
+		gotValues, samplesScanned := rc.Do(nil, values, timestamps)
+		if samplesScanned != 10 {
+			t.Fatalf("expecting 10 samplesScanned from rollupConfig.Do; got %d", samplesScanned)
+		}
+		valuesExpected := []float64{nan}
+		timestampsExpected := []int64{40001}
+		testRowsEqual(t, gotValues, rc.Timestamps, valuesExpected, timestampsExpected)
+	})
 }
 
 func TestRollupIncreasePureWithStaleness(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1860,3 +1933,48 @@ func TestRollupIncreasePureWithStaleness(t *testing.T) {
 		testRowsEqual(t, gotValues, rc.Timestamps, valuesExpected, timestampsExpected)
 	})
 }
+
+func TestRollupDerivFastWithStaleness(t *testing.T) {
+	timestamps := []int64{0, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000}
+	values := []float64{0, 0, 0, 0, 10}
+	t.Run("no stale marker", func(t *testing.T) {
+		rc := rollupConfig{
+			Func:               rollupDerivFast,
+			Start:              40001,
+			End:                40001,
+			Step:               50000,
+			Window:             0,
+			MaxPointsPerSeries: 1e4,
+		}
+		rc.Timestamps = rc.getTimestamps()
+		gotValues, samplesScanned := rc.Do(nil, values, timestamps)
+		if samplesScanned != 10 {
+			t.Fatalf("expecting 10 samplesScanned from rollupConfig.Do; got %d", samplesScanned)
+		}
+		valuesExpected := []float64{0.25}
+		timestampsExpected := []int64{40001}
+		testRowsEqual(t, gotValues, rc.Timestamps, valuesExpected, timestampsExpected)
+	})
+
+	// the last sample is stale NaN
+	timestamps = []int64{0, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000}
+	values = []float64{0, 0, 0, 10, decimal.StaleNaN}
+	t.Run("last point is stale nan", func(t *testing.T) {
+		rc := rollupConfig{
+			Func:               rollupDerivFast,
+			Start:              40001,
+			End:                40001,
+			Step:               50000,
+			Window:             0,
+			MaxPointsPerSeries: 1e4,
+		}
+		rc.Timestamps = rc.getTimestamps()
+		gotValues, samplesScanned := rc.Do(nil, values, timestamps)
+		if samplesScanned != 10 {
+			t.Fatalf("expecting 10 samplesScanned from rollupConfig.Do; got %d", samplesScanned)
+		}
+		valuesExpected := []float64{nan}
+		timestampsExpected := []int64{40001}
+		testRowsEqual(t, gotValues, rc.Timestamps, valuesExpected, timestampsExpected)
+	})
+}

app/vmselect/vmui/assets/MetricsQL-Ckl-MH95.md

@@ -742,7 +742,23 @@ Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#k
 
 This function is supported by PromQL.
 
-See also [irate](#irate) and [rollup_rate](#rollup_rate).
+See also [irate](#irate), [rollup_rate](#rollup_rate) and [rate_prometheus](#rate_prometheus).
+
+#### rate_prometheus
+
+`rate_prometheus(series_selector[d])` {{% available_from "#" %}} is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the average per-second
+increase rate over the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/keyconcepts/#filtering).
+The resulting calculation is equivalent to `increase_prometheus(series_selector[d]) / d`.
+
+It doesn't take into account the last sample before the given lookbehind window `d` when calculating the result in the same way as Prometheus does.
+See [this article](https://medium.com/@romanhavronenko/victoriametrics-promql-compliance-d4318203f51e) for details.
+
+Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
+
+This function is usually applied to [counters](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/keyconcepts/#counter).
+
+See also [increase_prometheus](#increase_prometheus) and [rate](#rate).
+
 
 #### rate_over_sum
 

app/vmselect/vmui/index.html

@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@
   <meta property="og:title" content="UI for VictoriaMetrics">
   <meta property="og:url" content="https://victoriametrics.com/">
   <meta property="og:description" content="Explore and troubleshoot your VictoriaMetrics data">
-  <script type="module" crossorigin src="./assets/index-xmjGcv4-.js"></script>
+  <script type="module" crossorigin src="./assets/index-BiQY-19a.js"></script>
   <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="./assets/vendor-D8IJGiEn.js">
   <link rel="stylesheet" crossorigin href="./assets/vendor-D1GxaB_c.css">
-  <link rel="stylesheet" crossorigin href="./assets/index-C85_NB5q.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" crossorigin href="./assets/index-ojCMu5lE.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <noscript>You need to enable JavaScript to run this app.</noscript>

app/vmstorage/main.go

@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ var (
 
 	cacheSizeStorageTSID = flagutil.NewBytes("storage.cacheSizeStorageTSID", 0, "Overrides max size for storage/tsid cache. "+
 		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/single-server-victoriametrics/#cache-tuning")
+	cacheSizeStorageMetricName = flagutil.NewBytes("storage.cacheSizeStorageMetricName", 0, "Overrides max size for storage/metricName cache. "+
+		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/single-server-victoriametrics/#cache-tuning")
 	cacheSizeIndexDBIndexBlocks = flagutil.NewBytes("storage.cacheSizeIndexDBIndexBlocks", 0, "Overrides max size for indexdb/indexBlocks cache. "+
 		"See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/single-server-victoriametrics/#cache-tuning")
 	cacheSizeIndexDBDataBlocks = flagutil.NewBytes("storage.cacheSizeIndexDBDataBlocks", 0, "Overrides max size for indexdb/dataBlocks cache. "+
@@ -111,6 +113,7 @@ func Init(resetCacheIfNeeded func(mrs []storage.MetricRow)) {
 	storage.SetTSIDCacheSize(cacheSizeStorageTSID.IntN())
 	storage.SetTagFiltersCacheSize(cacheSizeIndexDBTagFilters.IntN())
 	storage.SetMetricNamesStatsCacheSize(cacheSizeMetricNamesStats.IntN())
+	storage.SetMetricNameCacheSize(cacheSizeStorageMetricName.IntN())
 	mergeset.SetIndexBlocksCacheSize(cacheSizeIndexDBIndexBlocks.IntN())
 	mergeset.SetDataBlocksCacheSize(cacheSizeIndexDBDataBlocks.IntN())
 	mergeset.SetDataBlocksSparseCacheSize(cacheSizeIndexDBDataBlocksSparse.IntN())

app/vmui/Dockerfile-web

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM golang:1.24.3 AS build-web-stage
+FROM golang:1.24.4 AS build-web-stage
 COPY build /build
 
 WORKDIR /build
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ COPY web/ /build/
 RUN GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -o web-amd64 github.com/VictoriMetrics/vmui/ && \
     GOOS=windows GOARCH=amd64 CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -o web-windows github.com/VictoriMetrics/vmui/
 
-FROM alpine:3.21.3
+FROM alpine:3.22.0
 USER root
 
 COPY --from=build-web-stage /build/web-amd64 /app/web

app/vmui/packages/vmui/package-lock.json

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/lodash.debounce": "^4.0.9",
         "@types/lodash.get": "^4.4.9",
+        "@types/lodash.orderBy": "^4.6.9",
+        "@types/lodash.throttle": "^4.1.9",
         "@types/qs": "^6.9.18",
         "@types/react": "^19.1.2",
         "@types/react-input-mask": "^3.0.6",
@@ -18,6 +20,8 @@
         "dayjs": "^1.11.13",
         "lodash.debounce": "^4.0.8",
         "lodash.get": "^4.4.2",
+        "lodash.orderBy": "^4.6.0",
+        "lodash.throttle": "^4.1.1",
         "marked": "^15.0.8",
         "marked-emoji": "^2.0.0",
         "preact": "^10.26.5",
@@ -2191,6 +2195,24 @@
         "@types/lodash": "*"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@types/lodash.orderBy": {
+      "version": "4.6.9",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/lodash.orderby/-/lodash.orderby-4.6.9.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-T9o2wkIJOmxXwVTPTmwJ59W6eTi2FseiLR369fxszG649Po/xe9vqFNhf/MtnvT5jrbDiyWKxPFPZbpSVK0SVQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/lodash": "*"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/lodash.throttle": {
+      "version": "4.1.9",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/lodash.throttle/-/lodash.throttle-4.1.9.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-PCPVfpfueguWZQB7pJQK890F2scYKoDUL3iM522AptHWn7d5NQmeS/LTEHIcLr5PaTzl3dK2Z0xSUHHTHwaL5g==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/lodash": "*"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@types/node": {
       "version": "22.14.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-22.14.1.tgz",
@@ -5742,6 +5764,18 @@
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT"
     },
+    "node_modules/lodash.orderBy": {
+      "version": "4.6.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash.orderby/-/lodash.orderby-4.6.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-T0rZxKmghOOf5YPnn8EY5iLYeWCpZq8G41FfqoVHH5QDTAFaghJRmAdLiadEDq+ztgM2q5PjA+Z1fOwGrLgmtg==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/lodash.throttle": {
+      "version": "4.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash.throttle/-/lodash.throttle-4.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-wIkUCfVKpVsWo3JSZlc+8MB5it+2AN5W8J7YVMST30UrvcQNZ1Okbj+rbVniijTWE6FGYy4XJq/rHkas8qJMLQ==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/loose-envify": {
       "version": "1.4.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/loose-envify/-/loose-envify-1.4.0.tgz",

app/vmui/packages/vmui/package.json

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
   "dependencies": {
     "@types/lodash.debounce": "^4.0.9",
     "@types/lodash.get": "^4.4.9",
+    "@types/lodash.orderBy": "^4.6.9",
+    "@types/lodash.throttle": "^4.1.9",
     "@types/qs": "^6.9.18",
     "@types/react": "^19.1.2",
     "@types/react-input-mask": "^3.0.6",
@@ -15,6 +17,8 @@
     "dayjs": "^1.11.13",
     "lodash.debounce": "^4.0.8",
     "lodash.get": "^4.4.2",
+    "lodash.orderBy": "^4.6.0",
+    "lodash.throttle": "^4.1.1",
     "marked": "^15.0.8",
     "marked-emoji": "^2.0.0",
     "preact": "^10.26.5",

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/assets/MetricsQL.md

@@ -742,7 +742,23 @@ Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#k
 
 This function is supported by PromQL.
 
-See also [irate](#irate) and [rollup_rate](#rollup_rate).
+See also [irate](#irate), [rollup_rate](#rollup_rate) and [rate_prometheus](#rate_prometheus).
+
+#### rate_prometheus
+
+`rate_prometheus(series_selector[d])` {{% available_from "#" %}} is a [rollup function](#rollup-functions), which calculates the average per-second
+increase rate over the given lookbehind window `d` per each time series returned from the given [series_selector](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/keyconcepts/#filtering).
+The resulting calculation is equivalent to `increase_prometheus(series_selector[d]) / d`.
+
+It doesn't take into account the last sample before the given lookbehind window `d` when calculating the result in the same way as Prometheus does.
+See [this article](https://medium.com/@romanhavronenko/victoriametrics-promql-compliance-d4318203f51e) for details.
+
+Metric names are stripped from the resulting rollups. Add [keep_metric_names](#keep_metric_names) modifier in order to keep metric names.
+
+This function is usually applied to [counters](https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victoriametrics/keyconcepts/#counter).
+
+See also [increase_prometheus](#increase_prometheus) and [rate](#rate).
+
 
 #### rate_over_sum
 

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/Configurators/QueryEditor/LogsQL/LogsQueryEditorAutocomplete.tsx

@@ -33,8 +33,12 @@ const LogsQueryEditorAutocomplete: FC<QueryEditorAutocompleteProps> = ({
     const part = logicalParts.find(p => caretPosition[0] >= p.position[0] && caretPosition[0] <= p.position[1]);
     if (!part) return;
     const cursorStartPosition = caretPosition[0] - part.position[0];
+    const prevPart = logicalParts.find(p => p.id === part.id - 1);
+    const queryBeforeIncompleteFilter = prevPart ? value.substring(0, prevPart.position[1] + 1) : undefined;
     return {
       ...part,
+      queryBeforeIncompleteFilter,
+      query: value,
       ...getContextData(part, cursorStartPosition)
     };
   }, [logicalParts, caretPosition]);
@@ -50,6 +54,8 @@ const LogsQueryEditorAutocomplete: FC<QueryEditorAutocompleteProps> = ({
         return fieldValues;
       case ContextType.PipeName:
         return pipeList;
+      case ContextType.FilterOrPipeName:
+        return [...fieldNames, ...pipeList];
       default:
         return [];
     }
@@ -58,7 +64,7 @@ const LogsQueryEditorAutocomplete: FC<QueryEditorAutocompleteProps> = ({
   const getUpdatedValue = (insertValue: string, logicalParts: LogicalPart[], id?: number) => {
     return logicalParts.reduce((acc, part) => {
       const value = part.id === id ? insertValue : part.value;
-      const separator = part.type === LogicalPartType.Pipe ? " | " : " ";
+      const separator = part.separator === "|" ? " | " : " ";
       return `${acc}${separator}${value}`;
     }, "").trim();
   };
@@ -70,7 +76,7 @@ const LogsQueryEditorAutocomplete: FC<QueryEditorAutocompleteProps> = ({
       modifiedInsert += ":";
     } else if (contextType === ContextType.FilterValue) {
       const insertWithQuotes = value.startsWith("_stream:") ? modifiedInsert : `${JSON.stringify(modifiedInsert)}`;
-      modifiedInsert = `${contextData?.filterName || ""}:${insertWithQuotes}`;
+      modifiedInsert = `${contextData?.filterName || ""}${contextData?.operator || ":"}${insertWithQuotes}`;
     }
 
     return modifiedInsert;
@@ -86,7 +92,13 @@ const LogsQueryEditorAutocomplete: FC<QueryEditorAutocompleteProps> = ({
 
     const insertValue = getModifyInsert(insert, contextType, value, item.type);
     const newValue = getUpdatedValue(insertValue, logicalParts, id);
-    const updatedPosition = (position[0] || 1) + insertValue.length + (item.type === ContextType.PipeName ? 1 : 0);
+    const logicalPart = logicalParts.find(p => p.id === id);
+    const getPositionCorrection = () => {
+      if (logicalPart?.type === LogicalPartType.FilterOrPipe) return 1;
+      if (item.type === ContextType.PipeName) return 1;
+      return 0;
+    };
+    const updatedPosition = (position[0] || 1) + insertValue.length + getPositionCorrection();
 
     onSelect(newValue, updatedPosition);
   }, [contextData, logicalParts]);

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/Configurators/QueryEditor/LogsQL/parser.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ export const splitLogicalParts = (expr: string) => {
   const input = expr; //.replace(/\s*:\s*/g, ":");
   const parts: LogicalPart[] = [];
   let currentPart = "";
+  let separator: undefined | " " | "|" = undefined;
   let isPipePart = false;
 
   const quotes = ["'", "\"", "`"];
@@ -43,8 +44,9 @@ export const splitLogicalParts = (expr: string) => {
       isPipePart = true;
       const countStartSpaces = currentPart.match(/^ */)?.[0].length || 0;
       const countEndSpaces = currentPart.match(/ *$/)?.[0].length || 0;
-      pushPart(currentPart, true, [startIndex + countStartSpaces, i - countEndSpaces - 1], parts);
+      pushPart(currentPart, true, [startIndex + countStartSpaces, i - countEndSpaces - 1], parts, separator);
       currentPart = "";
+      separator = "|";
       startIndex = i + 1;
       continue;
     }
@@ -54,7 +56,8 @@ export const splitLogicalParts = (expr: string) => {
       const nextStr = input.slice(i).replace(/^\s*/, "");
       const prevStr = input.slice(0, i).replace(/\s*$/, "");
       if (!nextStr.startsWith(":") && !prevStr.endsWith(":")) {
-        pushPart(currentPart, false, [startIndex, i - 1], parts);
+        pushPart(currentPart, false, [startIndex, i - 1], parts, separator);
+        separator = " ";
         currentPart = "";
         startIndex = i + 1;
         continue;
@@ -65,26 +68,35 @@ export const splitLogicalParts = (expr: string) => {
   }
 
   // push the last part
-  pushPart(currentPart, isPipePart, [startIndex, input.length], parts);
+  pushPart(currentPart, isPipePart, [startIndex, input.length], parts, separator);
 
   return parts;
 };
 
-const pushPart = (currentPart: string, isPipePart: boolean, position: LogicalPartPosition, parts: LogicalPart[]) => {
+const pushPart = (currentPart: string, isPipePart: boolean, position: LogicalPartPosition, parts: LogicalPart[], separator: LogicalPart["separator"]) => {
   const trimmedPart = currentPart.trim();
   if (!trimmedPart) return;
   const isOperator = BUILDER_OPERATORS.includes(trimmedPart.toUpperCase());
+  const pipesTypes = [LogicalPartType.Pipe, LogicalPartType.FilterOrPipe];
+  const isPreviousPartPipe = parts.length > 0 && pipesTypes.includes(parts[parts.length - 1].type);
+
+  const getType = () => {
+    if (isPreviousPartPipe) return LogicalPartType.FilterOrPipe;
+    if (isPipePart) return LogicalPartType.Pipe;
+    if (isOperator) return LogicalPartType.Operator;
+    return LogicalPartType.Filter;
+  };
+
   parts.push({
     id: parts.length,
     value: trimmedPart,
     position,
-    type: isPipePart
-      ? LogicalPartType.Pipe
-      : isOperator ? LogicalPartType.Operator : LogicalPartType.Filter,
+    type: getType(),
+    separator,
   });
 };
 
-export const getContextData = (part: LogicalPart, cursorPos: number) => {
+export const getContextData = (part: LogicalPart, cursorPos: number): ContextData => {
   const valueBeforeCursor = part.value.substring(0, cursorPos);
   const valueAfterCursor = part.value.substring(cursorPos);
 
@@ -95,23 +107,91 @@ export const getContextData = (part: LogicalPart, cursorPos: number) => {
     contextType: ContextType.Unknown,
   };
 
-  if (part.type === LogicalPartType.Filter) {
-    const noColon = !valueBeforeCursor.includes(":") && !valueAfterCursor.includes(":");
-    if (noColon) {
-      metaData.contextType = ContextType.FilterUnknown;
-    } else if (valueBeforeCursor.includes(":")) {
-      const [filterName, filterValue] = valueBeforeCursor.split(":");
-      metaData.contextType = ContextType.FilterValue;
-      metaData.filterName = filterName;
-      metaData.valueContext = filterValue;
-    } else {
-      metaData.contextType = ContextType.FilterName;
-    }
-  } else if (part.type === LogicalPartType.Pipe) {
-    const valueStartWithPipe = PIPE_NAMES.some(p => part.value.startsWith(p));
-    metaData.contextType = valueStartWithPipe ? ContextType.PipeValue : ContextType.PipeName;
-  }
+  // Determine context type based on logical part type
+  determineContextType(part, valueBeforeCursor, valueAfterCursor, metaData);
 
+  // Clean up quotes in valueContext
   metaData.valueContext = metaData.valueContext.replace(/^["']|["']$/g, "");
+
   return metaData;
 };
+
+/** Helper function to determine if a string starts with any of the pipe names */
+const startsWithPipe = (value: string): boolean => {
+  return PIPE_NAMES.some(p => value.startsWith(p));
+};
+
+/** Helper function to check for colon presence */
+const hasNoColon = (before: string, after: string): boolean => {
+  return !before.includes(":") && !after.includes(":");
+};
+
+/** Helper function to extract filter name and update metadata for filter values */
+const handleFilterValue = (valueBeforeCursor: string, metaData: ContextData): void => {
+  const [filterName, ...filterValue] = valueBeforeCursor.split(":");
+  metaData.contextType = ContextType.FilterValue;
+  metaData.filterName = filterName;
+  const enhanceOperators = ["=", "-", "!", "~", "<", ">", "<=", ">="] as const;
+  const enhanceOperator = enhanceOperators.find(op => op === filterValue[0]);
+  if (enhanceOperator) {
+    metaData.valueContext = filterValue.slice(1).join(":");
+    metaData.operator = `:${enhanceOperator}`;
+  } else {
+    metaData.valueContext = filterValue.join(":");
+    metaData.operator = ":";
+  }
+};
+
+/** Function to determine context type based on part type and value */
+const determineContextType = (
+  part: LogicalPart,
+  valueBeforeCursor: string,
+  valueAfterCursor: string,
+  metaData: ContextData
+): void => {
+  switch (part.type) {
+    case LogicalPartType.Filter:
+      handleFilterType(valueBeforeCursor, valueAfterCursor, metaData);
+      break;
+
+    case LogicalPartType.Pipe:
+      metaData.contextType = startsWithPipe(part.value)
+        ? ContextType.PipeValue
+        : ContextType.PipeName;
+      break;
+
+    case LogicalPartType.FilterOrPipe:
+      handleFilterOrPipeType(part.value, valueBeforeCursor, metaData);
+      break;
+  }
+};
+
+/** Handle filter type context determination */
+const handleFilterType = (
+  valueBeforeCursor: string,
+  valueAfterCursor: string,
+  metaData: ContextData
+): void => {
+  if (hasNoColon(valueBeforeCursor, valueAfterCursor)) {
+    metaData.contextType = ContextType.FilterUnknown;
+  } else if (valueBeforeCursor.includes(":")) {
+    handleFilterValue(valueBeforeCursor, metaData);
+  } else {
+    metaData.contextType = ContextType.FilterName;
+  }
+};
+
+/** Handle FilterOrPipeType context determination */
+const handleFilterOrPipeType = (
+  value: string,
+  valueBeforeCursor: string,
+  metaData: ContextData
+): void => {
+  if (startsWithPipe(value)) {
+    metaData.contextType = ContextType.PipeValue;
+  } else if (valueBeforeCursor.includes(":")) {
+    handleFilterValue(valueBeforeCursor, metaData);
+  } else {
+    metaData.contextType = ContextType.FilterOrPipeName;
+  }
+};

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/Configurators/QueryEditor/LogsQL/types.ts

@@ -2,15 +2,19 @@ export enum LogicalPartType {
   Filter = "Filter",
   Pipe = "Pipe",
   Operator = "Operator",
+  FilterOrPipe = "FilterOrPipe",
 }
 
 export type LogicalPartPosition = [start: number, end: number];
 
+export type LogicalPartSeparator = " " | "|";
+
 export interface LogicalPart {
   id: number;
   value: string;
   type: LogicalPartType;
   position: LogicalPartPosition;
+  separator?: LogicalPartSeparator;
 }
 
 export interface ContextData {
@@ -19,6 +23,10 @@ export interface ContextData {
   contextType: ContextType;
   valueContext: string;
   filterName?: string;
+  query?: string;
+  queryBeforeIncompleteFilter?: string;
+  separator?: LogicalPartSeparator;
+  operator?: ":" | ":!" | ":-" | ":=" | ":~" | ":<" | ":>" | ":<=" | ":>=";
 }
 
 export enum ContextType {
@@ -28,4 +36,5 @@ export enum ContextType {
   PipeName = "Pipes",
   PipeValue = "PipeValue",
   Unknown = "Unknown",
+  FilterOrPipeName = "FilterOrPipeName",
 }

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/Configurators/QueryEditor/LogsQL/useFetchLogsQLOptions.tsx

@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ import { AUTOCOMPLETE_LIMITS } from "../../../../constants/queryAutocomplete";
 import { LogsFiledValues } from "../../../../api/types";
 import { useLogsDispatch, useLogsState } from "../../../../state/logsPanel/LogsStateContext";
 import { useTenant } from "../../../../hooks/useTenant";
+import { generateQuery } from "./utils";
 
 type FetchDataArgs = {
   urlSuffix: string;
-  setter: Dispatch<SetStateAction<AutocompleteOptions[]>>
-  type: ContextType;
+  setter: (value: LogsFiledValues[]) => void;
   params?: URLSearchParams;
 }
 
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ const icons = {
   [ContextType.FilterValue]: <ValueIcon/>,
   [ContextType.PipeName]: <FunctionIcon/>,
   [ContextType.PipeValue]: <LabelIcon/>,
-  [ContextType.Unknown]: <ValueIcon/>
+  [ContextType.Unknown]: <ValueIcon/>,
+  [ContextType.FilterOrPipeName]: <FunctionIcon/>
 };
 
 export const useFetchLogsQLOptions = (contextData?: ContextData) => {
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ export const useFetchLogsQLOptions = (contextData?: ContextData) => {
     }));
   };
 
-  const fetchData = async ({ urlSuffix, setter, type, params }: FetchDataArgs) => {
+  const fetchData = async ({ urlSuffix, setter, params }: FetchDataArgs) => {
     abortControllerRef.current.abort();
     abortControllerRef.current = new AbortController();
     const { signal } = abortControllerRef.current;
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ export const useFetchLogsQLOptions = (contextData?: ContextData) => {
     try {
       const cachedData = autocompleteCache.get(key);
       if (cachedData) {
-        setter(processData(cachedData, type));
+        setter(cachedData);
         setLoading(false);
         return;
       }
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ export const useFetchLogsQLOptions = (contextData?: ContextData) => {
       if (response.ok) {
         const data = await response.json();
         const value = (data?.values || []) as LogsFiledValues[];
-        setter(value ? processData(value, type) : []);
+        setter(value || []);
         dispatch({ type: "SET_AUTOCOMPLETE_CACHE", payload: { key, value } });
       }
       setLoading(false);
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ export const useFetchLogsQLOptions = (contextData?: ContextData) => {
 
   // fetch field names
   useEffect(() => {
-    const validContexts = [ContextType.FilterName, ContextType.FilterUnknown];
+    const validContexts = [ContextType.FilterName, ContextType.FilterUnknown, ContextType.FilterOrPipeName];
     const isInvalidContext = !validContexts.includes(contextData?.contextType || ContextType.Unknown);
     if (!serverUrl || isInvalidContext) {
       return;
@@ -109,11 +110,14 @@ export const useFetchLogsQLOptions = (contextData?: ContextData) => {
 
     setFieldNames([]);
 
+    const setter = (filterNames: LogsFiledValues[]) => {
+      setFieldNames(processData(filterNames, ContextType.FilterName));
+    };
+
     fetchData({
       urlSuffix: "field_names",
-      setter: setFieldNames,
-      type: ContextType.FilterName,
-      params: getQueryParams({ query: "*" })
+      setter: setter,
+      params: getQueryParams({ query: contextData?.queryBeforeIncompleteFilter || "*" })
     });
 
     return () => abortControllerRef.current?.abort();
@@ -128,11 +132,14 @@ export const useFetchLogsQLOptions = (contextData?: ContextData) => {
 
     setFieldValues([]);
 
+    const setter = (filterValues: LogsFiledValues[]) => {
+      setFieldValues(processData(filterValues, ContextType.FilterValue));
+    };
+
     fetchData({
       urlSuffix: "field_values",
-      setter: setFieldValues,
-      type: ContextType.FilterValue,
-      params: getQueryParams({ query: "*", field: contextData.filterName })
+      setter: setter,
+      params: getQueryParams({ query: generateQuery(contextData), field: contextData.filterName })
     });
 
     return () => abortControllerRef.current?.abort();

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/Configurators/QueryEditor/LogsQL/util.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import { expect } from "vitest";
+import { generateQuery } from "./utils";
+import { ContextType } from "./types";
+
+describe("utils", () => {
+  describe("_time", () => {
+    it("should return the trimmed value by `-`", () => {
+      expect(generateQuery({
+        queryBeforeIncompleteFilter: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"}",
+        contextType: ContextType.FilterValue,
+        filterName: "_time",
+        query: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"} _time:2025-04-1",
+        valueAfterCursor: "",
+        valueBeforeCursor: "_time=2025-04-1",
+        valueContext: "2025-04-1"
+      })).toStrictEqual("_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"} _time:2025-04");
+    });
+
+    it("should return the trimmed value by `:` if char `-` also exist in the query", () => {
+      expect(generateQuery({
+        queryBeforeIncompleteFilter: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"}",
+        contextType: ContextType.FilterValue,
+        filterName: "_time",
+        query: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"} _time:2025-04-10T23:45:5",
+        valueAfterCursor: "",
+        valueBeforeCursor: "_time=2025-04-10T23:45:5",
+        valueContext: "2025-04-10T23:45:5"
+      })).toStrictEqual("_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"} _time:2025-04-10T23:45");
+    });
+
+    it("should return default `*` instead of -time filter", () => {
+      expect(generateQuery({
+        queryBeforeIncompleteFilter: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"}",
+        contextType: ContextType.FilterValue,
+        filterName: "_time",
+        query: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"} _time:202",
+        valueAfterCursor: "",
+        valueBeforeCursor: "_time=202",
+        valueContext: "202"
+      })).toStrictEqual("_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"} *");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("_stream", () => {
+    it("should add regexp to filter value", () => {
+      expect(generateQuery({
+        queryBeforeIncompleteFilter: "",
+        contextType: ContextType.FilterValue,
+        filterName: "_stream",
+        query: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEve",
+        valueAfterCursor: "",
+        valueBeforeCursor: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEve",
+        valueContext: "{type=\"WatchEve"
+      })).toStrictEqual("_stream:{type=~\"WatchEve.*\"}");
+    });
+
+    it("should add regexp to filter value if cursor in the middle of value", () => {
+      expect(generateQuery({
+        queryBeforeIncompleteFilter: "",
+        contextType: ContextType.FilterValue,
+        filterName: "_stream",
+        query: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEve\"}",
+        valueAfterCursor: "",
+        valueBeforeCursor: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEve",
+        valueContext: "{type=\"WatchEve"
+      })).toStrictEqual("_stream:{type=~\"WatchEve.*\"}");
+    });
+
+    it("should return * if do not have value after =", () => {
+      expect(generateQuery({
+        queryBeforeIncompleteFilter: "",
+        contextType: ContextType.FilterValue,
+        filterName: "_stream",
+        query: "_stream:{type=",
+        valueAfterCursor: "",
+        valueBeforeCursor: "_stream:{type=",
+        valueContext: "{type="
+      })).toStrictEqual("*");
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("_msg", () => {
+    expect(generateQuery({
+      queryBeforeIncompleteFilter: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"}",
+      contextType: ContextType.FilterValue,
+      filterName: "_msg",
+      query: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"} _msg:453",
+      valueAfterCursor: "",
+      valueBeforeCursor: "_msg:453",
+      valueContext: "453"
+    })).toStrictEqual("_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"} *");
+  });
+
+  it("_stream_id", () => {
+    expect(generateQuery({
+      queryBeforeIncompleteFilter: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"}",
+      contextType: ContextType.FilterValue,
+      filterName: "_stream_id",
+      query: "_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"} _stream_id:453",
+      valueAfterCursor: "",
+      valueBeforeCursor: "_stream_id:453",
+      valueContext: "453"
+    })).toStrictEqual("_stream:{type=\"WatchEvent\"} *");
+  });
+
+  describe("other fields", () => {
+    it("should add prefix filter to other type of field names", () => {
+      expect(generateQuery({
+        queryBeforeIncompleteFilter: "",
+        contextType: ContextType.FilterValue,
+        filterName: "repo.name",
+        query: "repo.name:Victori",
+        valueAfterCursor: "",
+        valueBeforeCursor: "repo.name:Victori",
+        valueContext: "Victori"
+      })).toStrictEqual("repo.name:Victori*");
+    });
+
+    it("should add prefix filter to other type of field names with escaped via double quote", () => {
+      expect(generateQuery({
+        queryBeforeIncompleteFilter: "",
+        contextType: ContextType.FilterValue,
+        filterName: "repo.name",
+        query: "repo.name:\"Victori",
+        valueAfterCursor: "",
+        valueBeforeCursor: "repo.name:\"Victori",
+        valueContext: "Victori"
+      })).toStrictEqual("repo.name:Victori*");
+    });
+  });
+});

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/Configurators/QueryEditor/LogsQL/utils.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { ContextData } from "./types";
+
+const getStreamFieldQuery = (valueContext: string) => {
+  if (valueContext.includes("=")) {
+    const [fieldName, fieldValue] = valueContext.split("=");
+    if (fieldValue) {
+      return `_stream:${fieldName}=~${fieldValue}.*"}`;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return "*";
+};
+
+const getLastPartUntilDelimiter = (value: string, delimiter: string) => {
+  const lastIndexOfDelimiter = value.lastIndexOf(delimiter);
+  return lastIndexOfDelimiter !== -1 ? value.slice(0, lastIndexOfDelimiter) : "";
+};
+
+const getDateQuery = (contextData: ContextData) => {
+  let fieldValue = "";
+  if (contextData.valueContext.includes(":")) {
+    fieldValue = getLastPartUntilDelimiter(contextData.valueContext, ":");
+  } else if (contextData.valueContext.includes("-")) {
+    fieldValue = getLastPartUntilDelimiter(contextData.valueContext, "-");
+  }
+  return fieldValue ? `${contextData.filterName}:${fieldValue}` : "*";
+};
+
+/**
+ * Generates a query string based on the provided context data.
+ *
+ * The function processes the input based on the `filterName` property:
+ *
+ * - If `filterName` is `_msg` or `_stream_id`, the query cannot be generated specifically,
+ *   so a wildcard query (`"*"`) is returned.
+ *
+ * - If `filterName` is `_stream`, the query is generated using regexp (`{type=~"value.*"}`).
+ *
+ * - If `filterName` is `_time`, a simplified query is created by trimming the value up
+ *   to the first occurrence of a delimiter such as `-` or `:`.
+ *
+ * - For all other values of `filterName`, a prefix query is returned using
+ *   the `query` value with a `*` appended (e.g., `"value*"`).
+ *
+ * @param {ContextData} contextData - The context object containing query parameters and metadata.
+ * @returns {string} The generated query string.
+ */
+export const generateQuery = (contextData: ContextData): string => {
+  let fieldQuery = "";
+  if (!contextData.filterName || !contextData.query || ["_msg", "_stream_id"].includes(contextData.filterName)) {
+    fieldQuery = "*";
+  } else if ("_stream" === contextData.filterName) {
+    fieldQuery = getStreamFieldQuery(contextData.valueContext);
+  } else if ("_time" === contextData.filterName) {
+    fieldQuery = getDateQuery(contextData);
+  } else {
+    fieldQuery = `${contextData.filterName}:${contextData.valueContext}*`;
+  }
+
+  return contextData.queryBeforeIncompleteFilter ? `${contextData.queryBeforeIncompleteFilter}${contextData.separator ?? " "}${fieldQuery}` : fieldQuery;
+};

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/LogsConfigurators/GroupLogsConfigurators/GroupLogsConfigurators.tsx

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ import {
   LOGS_URL_PARAMS,
   WITHOUT_GROUPING
 } from "../../../constants/logs";
-import { getFromStorage, saveToStorage } from "../../../utils/storage";
 import LogParsingSwitches from "../../Configurators/LogsSettings/LogParsingSwitches";
+import { useLocalStorageBoolean } from "../../../hooks/useLocalStorageBoolean";
 
 const {
   GROUP_BY,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ const GroupLogsConfigurators: FC<Props> = ({ logs }) => {
   const [dateFormat, setDateFormat] = useState(searchParams.get(DATE_FORMAT) || LOGS_DATE_FORMAT);
   const [errorFormat, setErrorFormat] = useState("");
 
-  const [disabledHovers, setDisabledHovers] = useState(!!getFromStorage("LOGS_DISABLED_HOVERS"));
+  const [disabledHovers, handleSetDisabledHovers] = useLocalStorageBoolean("LOGS_DISABLED_HOVERS");
 
   const isGroupChanged = groupBy !== LOGS_GROUP_BY;
   const isDisplayFieldsChanged = displayFields.length !== 1 || displayFields[0] !== LOGS_DISPLAY_FIELDS;
@@ -117,11 +117,6 @@ const GroupLogsConfigurators: FC<Props> = ({ logs }) => {
     handleClose();
   };
 
-  const handleSetDisabledHovers = (value: boolean) => {
-    setDisabledHovers(value);
-    saveToStorage("LOGS_DISABLED_HOVERS", value);
-  };
-
   const tooltipContent = () => {
     if (!hasChanges) return title;
     return (

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/Main/Button/Button.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import React, { FC } from "preact/compat";
+import { FC } from "preact/compat";
 import classNames from "classnames";
 import { MouseEvent as ReactMouseEvent, ReactNode } from "react";
 import "./style.scss";
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ interface ButtonProps {
   disabled?: boolean
   children?: ReactNode
   className?: string
+  "data-id"?: string
   onClick?: (e: ReactMouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void
   onMouseDown?: (e: ReactMouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void
 }
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ const Button: FC<ButtonProps> = ({
   disabled,
   onClick,
   onMouseDown,
+  "data-id": dataId
 }) => {
 
   const classesButton = classNames({
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ const Button: FC<ButtonProps> = ({
       aria-label={ariaLabel}
       onClick={onClick}
       onMouseDown={onMouseDown}
+      data-id={dataId}
     >
       {startIcon}{children}{endIcon}
     </button>

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/Main/Icons/index.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import React from "react";
 import { getCssVariable } from "../../../utils/theme";
 
 export const LogoIcon = () => (
@@ -643,3 +642,47 @@ export const PauseIcon = () => (
     <path d="M6 19h4V5H6v14zm8-14v14h4V5h-4z" />
   </svg>
 );
+
+export const ScrollToTopIcon = () => (
+  <svg
+    viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+    fill="currentColor"
+  >
+    <path
+      d="M8 12l4-4 4 4m-4-4v12"
+      strokeWidth="2"
+      stroke="currentColor"
+      fill="none"
+    />
+  </svg>
+);
+
+export const SortIcon = () => (
+  <svg
+    viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+    fill="currentColor"
+  >
+    <path d="M4 3 L4 15 L1.5 15 L5.5 21 L9.5 15 L7 15 L7 3 Z"/>
+    <path d="M13 21 L13 9 L10.5 9 L14.5 3 L18.5 9 L16 9 L16 21 Z"/>
+  </svg>
+);
+
+export const SortArrowDownIcon = () => (
+  <svg
+    viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+    fill="currentColor"
+  >
+    <path d="M10.5 3 L10.5 15 L8 15 L12 21 L16 15 L13.5 15 L13.5 3 Z"/>
+  </svg>
+);
+
+export const SortArrowUpIcon = () => (
+  <svg
+    viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+    fill="currentColor"
+  >
+    <path d="M10.5 21 L10.5 9 L8 9 L12 3 L16 9 L13.5 9 L13.5 21 Z"/>
+  </svg>
+);
+
+

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/ScrollToTopButton/ScrollToTopButton.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import { FC, useEffect, useState } from "preact/compat";
+import Button from "../Main/Button/Button";
+import Tooltip from "../Main/Tooltip/Tooltip";
+import { ScrollToTopIcon } from "../Main/Icons";
+import classNames from "classnames";
+import "./style.scss";
+import { useCallback } from "react";
+
+interface ScrollToTopButtonProps {
+  className?: string;
+}
+
+const ScrollToTopButton: FC<ScrollToTopButtonProps> = ({ className }) => {
+  const [isVisible, setIsVisible] = useState(false);
+
+  const checkScrollPosition = () => {
+    const scrollPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
+    const visibleHeightThreshold = window.innerHeight;
+
+    setIsVisible(scrollPosition > visibleHeightThreshold);
+  };
+
+  const scrollToTop = useCallback(() => {
+    window.scrollTo({
+      top: 0,
+      behavior: "smooth"
+    });
+  }, []);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    window.addEventListener("scroll", checkScrollPosition);
+    checkScrollPosition();
+    
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener("scroll", checkScrollPosition);
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={classNames({
+        "vm-scroll-to-top-button": true,
+        "vm-scroll-to-top-button_visible": isVisible
+      }, className)}
+    >
+      <Tooltip title="Scroll to top">
+        <Button
+          variant="contained"
+          color="primary"
+          onClick={scrollToTop}
+          ariaLabel="Scroll to top"
+          startIcon={<ScrollToTopIcon />}
+        />
+      </Tooltip>
+    </div>
+  );
+};
+
+export default ScrollToTopButton;

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/ScrollToTopButton/style.scss

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+@use "src/styles/variables" as *;
+
+.vm-scroll-to-top-button {
+  position: fixed;
+  bottom: 20px;
+  right: 20px;
+  z-index: 4;
+  opacity: 0;
+  visibility: hidden;
+  transition: opacity 0.3s, visibility 0.3s;
+
+  &_visible {
+    opacity: 1;
+    visibility: visible;
+  }
+
+  .vm-button {
+    border-radius: 50%;
+    width: 40px;
+    height: 40px;
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: center;
+    box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
+  }
+}

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/components/Table/TableSettings/TableSettings.tsx

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ const title = "Table settings";
 interface TableSettingsProps {
   columns: string[];
   selectedColumns?: string[];
-  tableCompact: boolean;
-  toggleTableCompact: () => void;
+  tableCompact?: boolean;
+  toggleTableCompact?: () => void;
   onChangeColumns: (arr: string[]) => void
 }
 
@@ -195,18 +195,20 @@ const TableSettings: FC<TableSettingsProps> = ({
               </div>
             </div>
           </div>
-          <div className="vm-table-settings-modal-section">
-            <div className="vm-table-settings-modal-section__title">
+          {toggleTableCompact && tableCompact !== undefined && (
+            <div className="vm-table-settings-modal-section">
+              <div className="vm-table-settings-modal-section__title">
               Table view
+              </div>
+              <div className="vm-table-settings-modal-columns-list__item">
+                <Switch
+                  label={"Compact view"}
+                  value={tableCompact}
+                  onChange={toggleTableCompact}
+                />
+              </div>
             </div>
-            <div className="vm-table-settings-modal-columns-list__item">
-              <Switch
-                label={"Compact view"}
-                value={tableCompact}
-                onChange={toggleTableCompact}
-              />
-            </div>
-          </div>
+          )}
         </Modal>)}
     </div>
   );

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/hooks/useLocalStorageBoolean.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { act, renderHook } from "@testing-library/preact";
+import { useLocalStorageBoolean } from "./useLocalStorageBoolean";
+import * as storageUtils from "../utils/storage";
+import { Mock } from "vitest";
+import { StorageKeys } from "../utils/storage";
+
+vi.mock("../utils/storage");
+
+const testStorageKey = "TEST_STORAGE_KEY" as StorageKeys;
+
+describe("useLocalStorageBoolean", () => {
+  const { getFromStorage, saveToStorage } = storageUtils;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  it("initializes with the value from localStorage", () => {
+    const mockGetFromStorage = getFromStorage as Mock;
+    mockGetFromStorage.mockReturnValueOnce(true);
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useLocalStorageBoolean(testStorageKey));
+
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(true);
+    expect(getFromStorage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(testStorageKey);
+  });
+
+  it("updates localStorage and state when setter is called", () => {
+    const mockGetFromStorage = getFromStorage as Mock;
+    mockGetFromStorage.mockReturnValueOnce(false);
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useLocalStorageBoolean(testStorageKey));
+
+    act(() => {
+      result.current[1](true);
+    });
+
+    expect(saveToStorage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(testStorageKey, true);
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("reacts to changes in localStorage by storage events", () => {
+    const mockGetFromStorage = getFromStorage as Mock;
+    mockGetFromStorage.mockReturnValueOnce(false);
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useLocalStorageBoolean(testStorageKey));
+
+    // Simulate a storage event
+    act(() => {
+      mockGetFromStorage.mockReturnValueOnce(true);
+      window.dispatchEvent(new StorageEvent("storage", { key: testStorageKey, newValue: "true" }));
+    });
+
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("does not update state if the localStorage value remains the same", () => {
+    const mockGetFromStorage = getFromStorage as Mock;
+    mockGetFromStorage.mockReturnValueOnce(false);
+
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useLocalStorageBoolean(testStorageKey));
+
+    act(() => {
+      mockGetFromStorage.mockReturnValueOnce(false);
+      window.dispatchEvent(new StorageEvent("storage", { key: testStorageKey, newValue: "false" }));
+    });
+
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(false);
+  });
+});

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/hooks/useLocalStorageBoolean.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { useMemo, useState } from "preact/compat";
+import { getFromStorage, saveToStorage, StorageKeys } from "../utils/storage";
+import useEventListener from "./useEventListener";
+import { useCallback } from "react";
+
+/**
+ * A custom hook that synchronizes a boolean state with a value stored in localStorage.
+ *
+ * @param {StorageKeys} key - The key used to access the corresponding value in localStorage.
+ * @returns {[boolean, function]} A tuple containing the current boolean value from localStorage and a setter function to update the value in localStorage.
+ *
+ * The hook listens to the "storage" event to automatically update the state when the localStorage value changes.
+ */
+export const useLocalStorageBoolean = (key: StorageKeys): [boolean, (value: boolean) => void] => {
+  const [value, setValue] = useState(!!getFromStorage(key));
+
+  const handleUpdateStorage = useCallback(() => {
+    const newValue = !!getFromStorage(key);
+    if (newValue !== value) {
+      setValue(newValue);
+    }
+  }, [key, value]);
+
+  const setNewValue = useCallback((newValue: boolean) => {
+    saveToStorage(key, newValue);
+  }, [key]);
+
+  useEventListener("storage", handleUpdateStorage);
+
+  return useMemo(() => [value, setNewValue], [value, setNewValue]);
+};

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/style.scss

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
   &-header {
     background-color: $color-background-block;
-    z-index: 1;
+    z-index: 3;
     margin: -$padding-medium 0-$padding-medium 0;
     position: sticky;
     top: 0;

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/JsonView/JsonView.tsx

@@ -1,21 +1,67 @@
-import React, { FC } from "preact/compat";
+import React, { FC, useMemo, useCallback, createPortal } from "preact/compat";
 import DownloadLogsButton from "../../../DownloadLogsButton/DownloadLogsButton";
-import { createPortal } from "preact/compat";
 import JsonViewComponent from "../../../../../components/Views/JsonView/JsonView";
 import { ViewProps } from "../../types";
 import EmptyLogs from "../components/EmptyLogs/EmptyLogs";
-import { useCallback } from "react";
+import JsonViewSettings from "./JsonViewSettings/JsonViewSettings";
+import { useSearchParams } from "react-router-dom";
+import orderBy from "lodash.orderBy";
+import "./style.scss";
+import { Logs } from "../../../../../api/types";
+import { SortDirection } from "./types";
 
 const MemoizedJsonView = React.memo(JsonViewComponent);
 
+const jsonQuerySortParam = "json_sort";
+const fieldSortQueryParamName = "json_field_sort";
+
 const JsonView: FC<ViewProps> = ({ data, settingsRef }) => {
   const getLogs = useCallback(() => data, [data]);
 
+  const [searchParams] = useSearchParams();
+  const sortParam = searchParams.get(jsonQuerySortParam);
+  const fieldSortParam = searchParams.get(fieldSortQueryParamName) as SortDirection;
+
+  const [sortField, sortDirection] = useMemo(() => {
+    const [sortField, sortDirection] = sortParam?.split(":").map(decodeURIComponent) || [];
+    return [sortField, sortDirection as "asc" | "desc" | undefined];
+  }, [sortParam]);
+
+  const fields = useMemo(() => {
+    const keys = new Set(data.flatMap(Object.keys));
+    return Array.from(keys);
+  }, [data]);
+
+  const orderedFieldsData = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!fieldSortParam) return data;
+    const orderedFields = fields.toSorted((a, b) => fieldSortParam === "asc" ? a.localeCompare(b): b.localeCompare(a));
+    return data.map((item) => {
+      return orderedFields.reduce((acc, field) => {
+        if (item[field]) acc[field] = item[field];
+        return acc;
+      }, {} as Logs);
+    });
+  }, [fields, fieldSortParam, data]);
+
+  const sortedData = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!sortField || !sortDirection) return orderedFieldsData;
+    return orderBy(orderedFieldsData, [sortField], [sortDirection]);
+  }, [orderedFieldsData, sortField, sortDirection]);
+
   const renderSettings = () => {
     if (!settingsRef.current) return null;
 
     return createPortal(
-      data.length > 0 && <DownloadLogsButton getLogs={getLogs} />,
+      data.length > 0 && (
+        <div className="vm-json-view__settings-container">
+          <DownloadLogsButton getLogs={getLogs} />
+          <JsonViewSettings
+            fields={fields}
+            sortQueryParamName={jsonQuerySortParam}
+            fieldSortQueryParamName={fieldSortQueryParamName}
+          />
+        </div>
+      ),
       settingsRef.current
     );
   };
@@ -25,9 +71,11 @@ const JsonView: FC<ViewProps> = ({ data, settingsRef }) => {
   return (
     <>
       {renderSettings()}
-      <MemoizedJsonView data={data} />
+      <MemoizedJsonView
+        data={sortedData}
+      />
     </>
   );
 };
 
-export default JsonView; 
+export default JsonView;

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/JsonView/JsonViewSettings/JsonViewSettings.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+import { FC, useMemo, useRef } from "preact/compat";
+import Button from "../../../../../../components/Main/Button/Button";
+import { SettingsIcon, SortArrowDownIcon, SortArrowUpIcon, SortIcon } from "../../../../../../components/Main/Icons";
+import Tooltip from "../../../../../../components/Main/Tooltip/Tooltip";
+import Select from "../../../../../../components/Main/Select/Select";
+import useBoolean from "../../../../../../hooks/useBoolean";
+import { useState, useEffect, useCallback } from "react";
+import Modal from "../../../../../../components/Main/Modal/Modal";
+import { useSearchParams } from "react-router-dom";
+import "./style.scss";
+import { SortDirection } from "../types";
+
+const title = "JSON settings";
+const directionList = ["asc", "desc"];
+
+interface JsonSettingsProps {
+  fields: string[];
+  sortQueryParamName: string;
+  fieldSortQueryParamName: string;
+}
+
+const JsonViewSettings: FC<JsonSettingsProps> = ({
+  fields,
+  sortQueryParamName,
+  fieldSortQueryParamName
+}) => {
+  const [searchParams, setSearchParams] = useSearchParams();
+  const buttonRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+  const [fieldSortDirection, setFieldSortDirection] = useState<SortDirection>(null);
+
+  const {
+    value: openSettings,
+    toggle: toggleOpenSettings,
+    setFalse: handleClose,
+  } = useBoolean(false);
+  
+  const [sortField, setSortField] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [sortDirection, setSortDirection] = useState<SortDirection>(null);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const sortParam = searchParams.get(sortQueryParamName);
+    const isSortDirection = (value: string) : value is Exclude<SortDirection, null> => directionList.includes(value);
+    if (sortParam) {
+      const [field, direction] = sortParam.split(":").map(decodeURIComponent);
+      if (field && (isSortDirection(direction))) {
+        setSortField(field);
+        setSortDirection(direction);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const fieldSortParam = searchParams.get(fieldSortQueryParamName);
+    if (fieldSortParam === "asc" || fieldSortParam === "desc") {
+      setFieldSortDirection(fieldSortParam);
+    }
+  }, [searchParams, sortQueryParamName, fieldSortQueryParamName, setSortField, setSortDirection, setFieldSortDirection]);
+
+  const updateSortParams = useCallback((field: string | null, direction: SortDirection) => {
+    const updatedParams = new URLSearchParams(searchParams.toString());
+
+    if (!field || !direction) {
+      updatedParams.delete(sortQueryParamName);
+    } else {
+      updatedParams.set(sortQueryParamName, `${field}:${direction || ""}`);
+    }
+
+    setSearchParams(updatedParams);
+  }, [searchParams, sortQueryParamName]);
+
+  const handleSort = (field: string) => {
+    const newDirection: SortDirection = sortDirection || "asc";
+    setSortField(field);
+    setSortDirection(newDirection);
+    updateSortParams(field, newDirection);
+  };
+
+  const resetSort = () => {
+    setSortField(null);
+    setSortDirection(null);
+    updateSortParams(null, null);
+  };
+
+  const changeFieldSortDirection = useCallback(() => {
+    let newFieldSortDirection: SortDirection = null;
+    if (fieldSortDirection === null) {
+      newFieldSortDirection = "asc";
+    }else if (fieldSortDirection === "asc") {
+      newFieldSortDirection = "desc";
+    }
+    setFieldSortDirection(newFieldSortDirection);
+    const updatedParams = new URLSearchParams(searchParams.toString());
+
+    if (!newFieldSortDirection) {
+      updatedParams.delete(fieldSortQueryParamName);
+    } else {
+      updatedParams.set(fieldSortQueryParamName, encodeURIComponent(newFieldSortDirection));
+    }
+
+    setSearchParams(updatedParams);
+  },[fieldSortDirection, searchParams, fieldSortQueryParamName]);
+
+  const handleChangeSortDirection = (direction: string) => {
+    const field = sortField || fields[0];
+    setSortField(field);
+    setSortDirection(direction as SortDirection);
+    updateSortParams(field, direction as SortDirection);
+  };
+
+  const fieldSortMeta = useMemo(() => ({
+    default: {
+      title: "Set field sort order. Click to sort in ascending order",
+      icon: <SortIcon />
+    },
+    asc: {
+      title: "Fields sorted ascending. Click to sort in descending order",
+      icon: <SortArrowDownIcon />
+    },
+    desc: {
+      title: "Fields sorted descending. Click to reset sort",
+      icon: <SortArrowUpIcon />
+    },
+  }), []);
+
+  const fieldSortButton = useMemo(() => {
+    const { title, icon } = fieldSortMeta[fieldSortDirection ?? "default"];
+    return <Tooltip title={title}>
+      <Button
+        variant="text"
+        startIcon={icon}
+        onClick={changeFieldSortDirection}
+        ariaLabel={title}
+      />
+    </Tooltip>;
+  }, [fieldSortDirection, toggleOpenSettings, changeFieldSortDirection, fieldSortMeta]);
+
+
+  return (
+    <div className="vm-json-settings">
+      {fieldSortButton}
+      <Tooltip title={title}>
+        <div ref={buttonRef}>
+          <Button
+            variant="text"
+            startIcon={<SettingsIcon/>}
+            onClick={toggleOpenSettings}
+            ariaLabel={title}
+          />
+        </div>
+      </Tooltip>
+      {openSettings && (
+        <Modal
+          title={title}
+          className="vm-json-settings-modal"
+          onClose={handleClose}
+        >
+          <div className="vm-json-settings-modal-section">
+            <div className="vm-json-settings-modal-section__sort-settings-container">
+              <Select
+                value={sortField || ""}
+                onChange={handleSort}
+                list={fields}
+                label="Select field"
+              />
+              <Select
+                value={sortDirection || ""}
+                onChange={handleChangeSortDirection}
+                list={directionList}
+                label="Sort direction"
+              />
+              {(sortField || sortDirection) && (
+                <Button
+                  variant="outlined"
+                  color="error"
+                  onClick={resetSort}
+                >
+                  Reset sort
+                </Button>
+              )}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </Modal>)}
+    </div>
+  );
+};
+
+export default JsonViewSettings;

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/JsonView/JsonViewSettings/style.scss

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+@use "src/styles/variables" as *;
+
+.vm-json-settings {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: row;
+
+  &-modal {
+    .vm-modal-content-body {
+      min-width: clamp(300px, 600px, 90vw);
+      padding: 0;
+    }
+
+    &-section {
+      padding-block: $padding-global;
+      border-top: $border-divider;
+
+      &:first-child {
+        padding-top: 0;
+        border-top: none;
+      }
+
+      &__sort-settings-container {
+        display: grid;
+        padding: $padding-medium;
+        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 80px;
+        gap: $padding-medium;
+
+        @media (max-width: 500px) {
+          grid-template-columns: 1fr;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/JsonView/style.scss

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+@use "src/styles/variables" as *;
+
+.vm-json-view {
+  &__settings-container {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: row;
+    align-items: center;
+  }
+}

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/JsonView/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export type SortDirection = "asc" | "desc" | null;

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/LiveTailingView/LiveTailingSettings.tsx

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ interface LiveTailingSettingsProps {
   handleResumeLiveTailing: () => void;
   pauseLiveTailing: () => void;
   clearLogs: () => void;
-  isCompactTailingNumber: boolean;
-  handleSetCompactTailing: (value: boolean) => void;
+  isRawJsonView: boolean;
+  onRawJsonViewChange: (value: boolean) => void;
 }
 
 const LiveTailingSettings: FC<LiveTailingSettingsProps> = ({
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ const LiveTailingSettings: FC<LiveTailingSettingsProps> = ({
   handleResumeLiveTailing,
   pauseLiveTailing,
   clearLogs,
-  isCompactTailingNumber,
-  handleSetCompactTailing
+  isRawJsonView,
+  onRawJsonViewChange
 }) => {
   const settingButtonRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const { value: isSettingsOpen, setFalse: closeSettings, setTrue: openSettings } = useBoolean(false);
@@ -106,12 +106,12 @@ const LiveTailingSettings: FC<LiveTailingSettingsProps> = ({
           <div className="vm-live-tailing-view__settings-modal">
             <div className={"vm-live-tailing-view__settings-modal-item"}>
               <Switch
-                label={"Expandable Properties View"}
-                value={isCompactTailingNumber}
-                onChange={handleSetCompactTailing}
+                label={"Raw JSON View"}
+                value={isRawJsonView}
+                onChange={onRawJsonViewChange}
               />
               <span className="vm-group-logs-configurator-item__info">
-                Switches log display to expandable properties view with additional visualization settings. Please note: when processing large volumes of data, it may increase system response time.
+                When this option is enabled, logs will be displayed in raw JSON format. This improves performance and uses less CPU and memory.
               </span>
             </div>
           </div>

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/LiveTailingView/LiveTailingView.tsx

@@ -7,16 +7,18 @@ import { useLiveTailingLogs } from "./useLiveTailingLogs";
 import { LOGS_DISPLAY_FIELDS, LOGS_URL_PARAMS } from "../../../../../constants/logs";
 import { useMemo } from "react";
 import { useSearchParams } from "react-router-dom";
-import throttle from "lodash/throttle";
+import throttle from "lodash.throttle";
 import GroupLogsItem from "../../../GroupLogs/GroupLogsItem";
 import LiveTailingSettings from "./LiveTailingSettings";
 import Alert from "../../../../../components/Main/Alert/Alert";
 import { isDecreasing } from "../../../../../utils/array";
+import { useLocalStorageBoolean } from "../../../../../hooks/useLocalStorageBoolean";
+import ScrollToTopButton from "../../../../../components/ScrollToTopButton/ScrollToTopButton";
 
 const SCROLL_THRESHOLD = 100;
 const scrollToBottom = () => window.scrollTo({
   top: document.documentElement.scrollHeight,
-  behavior: "instant"
+  behavior: "smooth"
 });
 const throttledScrollToBottom = throttle(scrollToBottom, 200);
 
@@ -28,8 +30,7 @@ const LiveTailingView: FC<ViewProps> = ({ settingsRef }) => {
   const { setSearchParamsFromKeys } = useSearchParamsFromObject();
   const [rowsPerPage, setRowsPerPage] = useStateSearchParams(100, "rows_per_page");
   const [query, _setQuery] = useStateSearchParams("*", "query");
-  const [isCompactTailingStr] = useStateSearchParams(0, "compact_tailing");
-  const isCompactTailingNumber = Boolean(Number(isCompactTailingStr));
+  const [isRawJsonView, setIsRawJsonView] = useLocalStorageBoolean("RAW_JSON_LIVE_VIEW");
   const {
     logs,
     isPaused,
@@ -54,10 +55,6 @@ const LiveTailingView: FC<ViewProps> = ({ settingsRef }) => {
     setSearchParamsFromKeys({ rows_per_page: limit });
   }, [setRowsPerPage, setSearchParamsFromKeys]);
 
-  const handleSetCompactTailing = useCallback((value: boolean) => {
-    setSearchParamsFromKeys({ compact_tailing: Number(value) });
-  }, [setSearchParamsFromKeys]);
-
   useEffect(() => {
     startLiveTailing();
     return () => stopLiveTailing();
@@ -111,9 +108,10 @@ const LiveTailingView: FC<ViewProps> = ({ settingsRef }) => {
         handleResumeLiveTailing={handleResumeLiveTailing}
         pauseLiveTailing={pauseLiveTailing}
         clearLogs={clearLogs}
-        isCompactTailingNumber={isCompactTailingNumber}
-        handleSetCompactTailing={handleSetCompactTailing}
+        isRawJsonView={isRawJsonView}
+        onRawJsonViewChange={setIsRawJsonView}
       />
+      <ScrollToTopButton />
       <div
         ref={containerRef}
         className="vm-live-tailing-view__container"
@@ -122,28 +120,31 @@ const LiveTailingView: FC<ViewProps> = ({ settingsRef }) => {
           ? (<div className="vm-live-tailing-view__empty">Waiting for logs...</div>)
           : (<div className="vm-live-tailing-view__logs">
             {logs.map(({ _log_id, ...log }, idx) =>
-              isCompactTailingNumber
-                ? (
-                  <GroupLogsItem
-                    key={_log_id}
-                    log={log}
-                    onItemClick={pauseLiveTailing}
-                    hideGroupButton={true}
-                    displayFields={displayFields}
-                  />
-                ) : (
-                  <pre
-                    key={idx}
-                    className="vm-live-tailing-view__log-row"
-                  >
-                    {JSON.stringify(log)}
-                  </pre>
-                )
+              isRawJsonView ? (
+                <pre
+                  key={idx}
+                  className="vm-live-tailing-view__log-row"
+                  onMouseDown={pauseLiveTailing}
+                >
+                  {JSON.stringify(log)}
+                </pre>
+              ) : (
+                <GroupLogsItem
+                  key={_log_id}
+                  log={log}
+                  onItemClick={pauseLiveTailing}
+                  hideGroupButton={true}
+                  displayFields={displayFields}
+                />
+              )
             )}
           </div>
           )}
       </div>
-      {isLimitedLogsPerUpdate && (<Alert variant="warning">Too many logs per second detected. Large volumes of log data are difficult to process and may impact performance. We recommend adding filters to your query for better analysis and system performance.</Alert>)}
+      {isLimitedLogsPerUpdate && (
+        <Alert variant="warning">Too many logs per second detected. Large volumes of log data are difficult to process
+          and may impact performance. We recommend adding filters to your query for better analysis and system
+          performance.</Alert>)}
     </>
   );
 };

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/LiveTailingView/style.scss

@@ -34,9 +34,10 @@
     width: 100%;
     height: 100%;
     overflow: auto;
-    min-height: 200px;
+    min-height: calc(100vh - 120px);
     font-family: $font-family-monospace;
     padding-bottom: $padding-medium;
+    transition: min-height 0.3s ease;
   }
 
   &__empty {

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/LiveTailingView/useLiveTailingLogs.ts

@@ -4,19 +4,8 @@ import { Logs } from "../../../../../api/types";
 import { useAppState } from "../../../../../state/common/StateContext";
 import useBoolean from "../../../../../hooks/useBoolean";
 import { useTenant } from "../../../../../hooks/useTenant";
+import { LogFlowAnalyzer } from "./utils";
 
-/**
- * Defines the maximum number of consecutive times logs can be fetched above the threshold
- * before showing a warning notification, and vice versa:
- * - If logs are fetched above a threshold this many times in a row -> show warning
- * - If warning is shown, it won't disappear until logs are fetched below a threshold
- *   this many times in a row
- *
- * This threshold helps optimize log display performance when dealing with large volumes of logs.
- * If the threshold is consistently exceeded, users will be prompted to add filters to their query
- * for better system performance and more focused log analysis.
- */
-const MAX_ATTEMPTS_FETCH_LOGS_PER_SECOND = 5;
 /**
  * Defines the log's threshold, after which will be shown a warning notification
  */
@@ -56,7 +45,7 @@ const createStreamProcessor = (
     } catch (e) {
       if (e instanceof Error && e.name !== "AbortError") {
         console.error("Stream processing error:", e);
-        setError(String(e));
+        restartTailing();
       }
     } finally {
       clearInterval(connectionCheckInterval);
@@ -64,31 +53,6 @@ const createStreamProcessor = (
   };
 };
 
-const updateLimitModeTracking = (
-  linesCount: number,
-  attemptsFetchLimitRef: React.MutableRefObject<number>,
-  attemptsFetchLowRef: React.MutableRefObject<number>,
-  isLimitedLogsPerUpdate: boolean,
-) => {
-  if (linesCount > LOGS_THRESHOLD) {
-    attemptsFetchLimitRef.current++;
-    attemptsFetchLowRef.current = 0;
-  } else {
-    attemptsFetchLowRef.current++;
-    attemptsFetchLimitRef.current = 0;
-  }
-
-  if (attemptsFetchLimitRef.current > MAX_ATTEMPTS_FETCH_LOGS_PER_SECOND) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (attemptsFetchLowRef.current > MAX_ATTEMPTS_FETCH_LOGS_PER_SECOND) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  return isLimitedLogsPerUpdate;
-};
-
 const parseLogLines = (lines: string[], counterRef: React.MutableRefObject<bigint>): Logs[] => {
   return lines
     .map(line => {
@@ -108,27 +72,22 @@ interface ProcessBufferedLogsParams {
   lines: string[];
   limit: number;
   counterRef: React.MutableRefObject<bigint>;
-  attemptsFetchLimitRef: React.MutableRefObject<number>;
-  attemptsFetchLowRef: React.MutableRefObject<number>;
   setIsLimitedLogsPerUpdate: (isLimited: boolean) => void;
   setLogs: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<Logs[]>>;
   bufferLinesRef: React.MutableRefObject<string[]>;
-  isLimitedLogsPerUpdate: boolean;
+  logFlowAnalyzerRef?: React.MutableRefObject<LogFlowAnalyzer>;
 }
 
 const processBufferedLogs = ({
   lines,
   limit,
   counterRef,
-  attemptsFetchLimitRef,
-  attemptsFetchLowRef,
   setIsLimitedLogsPerUpdate,
   setLogs,
   bufferLinesRef,
-  isLimitedLogsPerUpdate
+  logFlowAnalyzerRef
 }: ProcessBufferedLogsParams) => {
-
-  const isLimitLogsMode = updateLimitModeTracking(lines.length, attemptsFetchLimitRef, attemptsFetchLowRef, isLimitedLogsPerUpdate);
+  const isLimitLogsMode = logFlowAnalyzerRef?.current?.update(lines.length) === "high";
   const limitedLines = isLimitLogsMode && lines.length > LOGS_THRESHOLD ? lines.slice(-LOGS_THRESHOLD) : lines;
   const newLogs = parseLogLines(limitedLines, counterRef);
 
@@ -155,8 +114,7 @@ export const useLiveTailingLogs = (query: string, limit: number) => {
   const intervalRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null>(null);
   const bufferRef = useRef<string>("");
   const bufferLinesRef = useRef<string[]>([]);
-  const attemptsFetchLimitLogsPerSecondCountRef = useRef<number>(0);
-  const attemptsFetchLowLogsPerSecondCountRef = useRef<number>(0);
+  const logFlowAnalyzerRef = useRef(new LogFlowAnalyzer());
 
   const stopLiveTailing = useCallback(() => {
     if (readerRef.current) {
@@ -239,12 +197,10 @@ export const useLiveTailingLogs = (query: string, limit: number) => {
         lines,
         limit,
         counterRef,
-        attemptsFetchLimitRef: attemptsFetchLimitLogsPerSecondCountRef,
-        attemptsFetchLowRef: attemptsFetchLowLogsPerSecondCountRef,
         setIsLimitedLogsPerUpdate,
-        isLimitedLogsPerUpdate,
         setLogs,
-        bufferLinesRef
+        bufferLinesRef,
+        logFlowAnalyzerRef
       });
     }, PROCESSING_INTERVAL_MS);
 

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/LiveTailingView/utils.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+export class LogFlowAnalyzer {
+  private threshold: number;
+  private windowSize: number;
+  private minHighCount: number;
+  private minNormalCount: number;
+  private window: number[];
+  private state: "normal" | "high";
+
+  /**
+   * @param {number} threshold - The threshold value used for state evaluation. Defaults to 200.
+   * @param {number} windowSize - The size of the window used for tracking data. Defaults to 10.
+   * @param {number} minHighCount - The minimum number of high occurrences needed for state transition. Defaults to 6.
+   * @param {number} minNormalCount - The minimum number of normal occurrences needed for state reset. Defaults to 2.
+   * @return {void}
+   */
+  constructor(threshold: number = 200, windowSize: number = 10, minHighCount: number = 6, minNormalCount: number = 2) {
+    this.threshold = threshold;
+    this.windowSize = windowSize;
+    this.minHighCount = minHighCount;
+    this.minNormalCount = minNormalCount;
+    this.window = [];
+    this.state = "normal";
+  }
+
+  update(logCount: number): "normal" | "high" {
+    this.window.push(logCount);
+    if (this.window.length > this.windowSize) {
+      this.window.shift();
+    }
+
+    const highCount = this.window.filter((x) => x > this.threshold).length;
+
+    if (this.state === "normal") {
+      if (highCount >= this.minHighCount) {
+        this.state = "high";
+      }
+    } else if (this.state === "high") {
+      if (highCount < this.minNormalCount) {
+        this.state = "normal";
+      }
+    }
+
+    return this.state;
+  }
+}

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/ExploreLogsBody/views/TableView/TableView.tsx

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import DownloadLogsButton from "../../../DownloadLogsButton/DownloadLogsButton";
 import { createPortal } from "preact/compat";
 import "./style.scss";
 import { ViewProps } from "../../types";
-import useBoolean from "../../../../../hooks/useBoolean";
 import useStateSearchParams from "../../../../../hooks/useStateSearchParams";
 import TableLogs from "../../TableLogs";
 import SelectLimit from "../../../../../components/Main/Pagination/SelectLimit/SelectLimit";
@@ -18,7 +17,6 @@ const TableView: FC<ViewProps> = ({ data, settingsRef }) => {
   const { setSearchParamsFromKeys } = useSearchParamsFromObject();
   const [displayColumns, setDisplayColumns] = useState<string[]>([]);
   const [rowsPerPage, setRowsPerPage] = useStateSearchParams(100, "rows_per_page");
-  const { value: tableCompact, toggle: toggleTableCompact } = useBoolean(false);
 
   const columns = useMemo(() => {
     const keys = new Set<string>();
@@ -52,8 +50,6 @@ const TableView: FC<ViewProps> = ({ data, settingsRef }) => {
             columns={columns}
             selectedColumns={displayColumns}
             onChangeColumns={setDisplayColumns}
-            tableCompact={tableCompact}
-            toggleTableCompact={toggleTableCompact}
           />
         </div>
       </div>,
@@ -69,7 +65,7 @@ const TableView: FC<ViewProps> = ({ data, settingsRef }) => {
       <MemoizedTableView
         logs={data}
         displayColumns={displayColumns}
-        tableCompact={tableCompact}
+        tableCompact={false}
         columns={columns}
         rowsPerPage={Number(rowsPerPage)}
       />

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/GroupLogs/GroupLogsFields.tsx

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-import React, { FC, useMemo, useState } from "preact/compat";
+import { FC, useMemo } from "preact/compat";
 import { Logs } from "../../../api/types";
 import "./style.scss";
 import classNames from "classnames";
 import GroupLogsFieldRow from "./GroupLogsFieldRow";
-import useEventListener from "../../../hooks/useEventListener";
-import { getFromStorage } from "../../../utils/storage";
+import { useLocalStorageBoolean } from "../../../hooks/useLocalStorageBoolean";
 
 interface Props {
   log: Logs;
@@ -17,16 +16,7 @@ const GroupLogsFields: FC<Props> = ({ log, hideGroupButton }) => {
       .sort(([aKey], [bKey]) => aKey.localeCompare(bKey));
   }, [log]);
 
-  const [disabledHovers, setDisabledHovers] = useState(!!getFromStorage("LOGS_DISABLED_HOVERS"));
-
-  const handleUpdateStage = () => {
-    const newValDisabledHovers = !!getFromStorage("LOGS_DISABLED_HOVERS");
-    if (newValDisabledHovers !== disabledHovers) {
-      setDisabledHovers(newValDisabledHovers);
-    }
-  };
-
-  useEventListener("storage", handleUpdateStage);
+  const [disabledHovers] = useLocalStorageBoolean("LOGS_DISABLED_HOVERS");
 
   return (
     <div

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/GroupLogs/GroupLogsItem.tsx

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import React, { FC, memo, useMemo, useState } from "preact/compat";
+import React, { FC, memo, useMemo } from "preact/compat";
 import { Logs } from "../../../api/types";
 import "./style.scss";
 import useBoolean from "../../../hooks/useBoolean";
-import { ArrowDownIcon } from "../../../components/Main/Icons";
+import { ArrowDownIcon, CopyIcon } from "../../../components/Main/Icons";
 import classNames from "classnames";
 import { useLogsState } from "../../../state/logsPanel/LogsStateContext";
 import dayjs from "dayjs";
@@ -10,10 +10,13 @@ import { useTimeState } from "../../../state/time/TimeStateContext";
 import { marked } from "marked";
 import { useSearchParams } from "react-router-dom";
 import { LOGS_DATE_FORMAT, LOGS_URL_PARAMS } from "../../../constants/logs";
-import useEventListener from "../../../hooks/useEventListener";
-import { getFromStorage } from "../../../utils/storage";
 import { parseAnsiToHtml } from "../../../utils/ansiParser";
 import GroupLogsFields from "./GroupLogsFields";
+import { useLocalStorageBoolean } from "../../../hooks/useLocalStorageBoolean";
+import Button from "../../../components/Main/Button/Button";
+import Tooltip from "../../../components/Main/Tooltip/Tooltip";
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from "react";
+import useCopyToClipboard from "../../../hooks/useCopyToClipboard";
 
 interface Props {
   log: Logs;
@@ -27,6 +30,8 @@ const GroupLogsItem: FC<Props> = ({ log, displayFields = ["_msg"], onItemClick,
     value: isOpenFields,
     toggle: toggleOpenFields,
   } = useBoolean(false);
+  const [copied, setCopied] = useState<boolean>(false);
+  const copyToClipboard = useCopyToClipboard();
 
   const [searchParams] = useSearchParams();
   const { markdownParsing, ansiParsing } = useLogsState();
@@ -68,21 +73,29 @@ const GroupLogsItem: FC<Props> = ({ log, displayFields = ["_msg"], onItemClick,
     return values;
   }, [log, hasFields, displayFields, ansiParsing]);
 
-  const [disabledHovers, setDisabledHovers] = useState(!!getFromStorage("LOGS_DISABLED_HOVERS"));
-
-  const handleUpdateStage = () => {
-    const newValDisabledHovers = !!getFromStorage("LOGS_DISABLED_HOVERS");
-    if (newValDisabledHovers !== disabledHovers) {
-      setDisabledHovers(newValDisabledHovers);
-    }
-  };
+  const [disabledHovers] = useLocalStorageBoolean("LOGS_DISABLED_HOVERS");
 
   const handleClick = () => {
     toggleOpenFields();
     onItemClick?.(log);
   };
 
-  useEventListener("storage", handleUpdateStage);
+  const handleCopy = useCallback(async (e: Event) => {
+    e.stopPropagation();
+    if (copied) return;
+    try {
+      await copyToClipboard(JSON.stringify(log, null, 2));
+      setCopied(true);
+    } catch (e) {
+      console.error(e);
+    }
+  }, [copied, copyToClipboard]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (copied === null) return;
+    const timeout = setTimeout(() => setCopied(false), 2000);
+    return () => clearTimeout(timeout);
+  }, [copied]);
 
   return (
     <div className="vm-group-logs-row">
@@ -93,6 +106,17 @@ const GroupLogsItem: FC<Props> = ({ log, displayFields = ["_msg"], onItemClick,
         })}
         onClick={handleClick}
       >
+        <Tooltip title={copied ? "Copied" : "Copy to clipboard"}>
+          <Button
+            className="vm-group-logs-row-content__copy-row"
+            variant="text"
+            color="gray"
+            size="small"
+            startIcon={<CopyIcon/>}
+            onClick={handleCopy}
+            ariaLabel="copy to clipboard"
+          />
+        </Tooltip>
         {hasFields && (
           <div
             className={classNames({

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/GroupLogs/style.scss

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ $font-size-logs: var(--font-size-logs, $font-size-small);
 
     &-content {
       display: flex;
-      padding: 2px 0;
+      padding: 2px 24px 2px 0;
       cursor: pointer;
 
       &_interactive {
@@ -140,8 +140,23 @@ $font-size-logs: var(--font-size-logs, $font-size-small);
         will-change: background-color;
       }
 
+      &__copy-row {
+        position: absolute;
+        top: 0;
+        right: 0;
+        z-index: 1;
+        visibility: hidden;
+
+        &.vm-button {
+          padding: 2px;
+        }
+      }
+
       &_interactive:hover {
         background-color: $color-hover-black;
+        .vm-group-logs-row-content__copy-row {
+          visibility: visible;
+        }
       }
 
       &__arrow {

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/pages/ExploreLogs/hooks/useFetchLogHits.ts

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ export const useFetchLogHits = (server: string, query: string) => {
       }
     }
     setIsLoading(prev => ({ ...prev, [id]: false }));
-  }, [url, query]);
+  }, [url, query, tenant]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     return () => {

app/vmui/packages/vmui/src/utils/storage.ts

@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@ export type StorageKeys = "AUTOCOMPLETE"
   | "THEME"
   | "LOGS_LIMIT"
   | "LOGS_MARKDOWN"
+  | "LOGS_ANSI"
   | "LOGS_DISABLED_HOVERS"
   | "EXPLORE_METRICS_TIPS"
   | "LOGS_QUERY_HISTORY"
   | "METRICS_QUERY_HISTORY"
   | "SERVER_URL"
+  | "RAW_JSON_LIVE_VIEW"
   | DeprecatedStorageKeys;
 
 

apptest/app.go

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ var (
 	vminsertAddrRE              = regexp.MustCompile(`accepting vminsert conns at (.*:\d{1,5})$`)
 	vminsertClusterNativeAddrRE = regexp.MustCompile(`started TCP clusternative server at "(.*:\d{1,5})"`)
 	vmselectAddrRE              = regexp.MustCompile(`accepting vmselect conns at (.*:\d{1,5})$`)
+
+	logsStorageDataPathRE = regexp.MustCompile(`opening storage at -storageDataPath=(.*)`)
 )
 
 // app represents an instance of some VictoriaMetrics server (such as vmstorage,

apptest/model.go

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 package apptest
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"math"
 	"net/url"
 	"slices"
@@ -111,6 +114,30 @@ func (qos *QueryOpts) getTenant() string {
 	return qos.Tenant
 }
 
+// QueryOptsLogs contains various params used for VictoriaLogs querying or ingesting data
+type QueryOptsLogs struct {
+	MessageField string
+	StreamFields string
+	TimeField    string
+}
+
+func (qos *QueryOptsLogs) asURLValues() url.Values {
+	uv := make(url.Values)
+	addNonEmpty := func(name string, values ...string) {
+		for _, value := range values {
+			if len(value) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			uv.Add(name, value)
+		}
+	}
+	addNonEmpty("_time_field", qos.TimeField)
+	addNonEmpty("_stream_fields", qos.StreamFields)
+	addNonEmpty("_msg_field", qos.MessageField)
+
+	return uv
+}
+
 // PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse is an inmemory representation of the
 // /prometheus/api/v1/query or /prometheus/api/v1/query_range response.
 type PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse struct {
@@ -368,6 +395,13 @@ type TSDBStatusResponse struct {
 	Data      TSDBStatusResponseData
 }
 
+// AdminTenantsResponse is an in-memory representation of the json response
+// returned by the /api/v1/admin/tenants endpoint.
+type AdminTenantsResponse struct {
+	Status string
+	Data   []string
+}
+
 // Sort performs sorting of stats entries
 func (tsr *TSDBStatusResponse) Sort() {
 	sortTSDBStatusResponseEntries(tsr.Data.SeriesCountByLabelName)
@@ -410,3 +444,44 @@ func sortTSDBStatusResponseEntries(entries []TSDBStatusResponseEntry) {
 		return left.Count < right.Count
 	})
 }
+
+// LogsQLQueryResponse is an in-memory representation of the
+// /select/logsql/query response.
+type LogsQLQueryResponse struct {
+	LogLines []string
+}
+
+// NewLogsQLQueryResponse is a test helper function that creates a new
+// instance of LogsQLQueryResponse by unmarshalling a json string.
+func NewLogsQLQueryResponse(t *testing.T, s string) *LogsQLQueryResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+	res := &LogsQLQueryResponse{}
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return res
+	}
+	bs := bytes.NewBufferString(s)
+	for {
+		logLine, err := bs.ReadString('\n')
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+				if len(logLine) > 0 {
+					t.Fatalf("BUG: unexpected non-empty line=%q with io.EOF", logLine)
+				}
+				break
+			}
+			t.Fatalf("BUG: cannot read logline from buffer: %s", err)
+		}
+		var lv map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(logLine), &lv); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("cannot parse log line=%q: %s", logLine, err)
+		}
+		delete(lv, "_stream_id")
+		normalizedLine, err := json.Marshal(lv)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("cannot marshal parsed logline=%q: %s", logLine, err)
+		}
+		res.LogLines = append(res.LogLines, string(normalizedLine))
+	}
+
+	return res
+}

apptest/testcase.go

@@ -189,6 +189,36 @@ func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmauth(instance string, flags []string, configFileY
 	return app
 }
 
+// MustStartVmbackup is a test helper that starts an instance of vmbackup
+// and waits until the app exits. It fails the test if the app fails to start or
+// exits with non zero code.
+func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmbackup(instance, storageDataPath, snapshotCreateURL, dst string) {
+	tc.t.Helper()
+
+	if err := StartVmbackup(instance, storageDataPath, snapshotCreateURL, dst); err != nil {
+		tc.t.Fatalf("vmbackup %q failed to start or exited with non-zero code: %v", instance, err)
+	}
+
+	// Do not add the process to the list of running apps using
+	// tc.addApp(instance, app), because the method blocks until the process
+	// exits.
+}
+
+// MustStartVmrestore is a test helper that starts an instance of vmrestore
+// and waits until the app exits. It fails the test if the app fails to start or
+// exits with non zero code.
+func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmrestore(instance, src, storageDataPath string) {
+	tc.t.Helper()
+
+	if err := StartVmrestore(instance, src, storageDataPath); err != nil {
+		tc.t.Fatalf("vmrestore %q failed to start or exited with non-zero code: %v", instance, err)
+	}
+
+	// Do not add the process to the list of running apps using
+	// tc.addApp(instance, app), because the method blocks until the process
+	// exits.
+}
+
 // MustStartDefaultCluster starts a typical cluster configuration with default
 // flags.
 func (tc *TestCase) MustStartDefaultCluster() *Vmcluster {
@@ -254,15 +284,13 @@ func (tc *TestCase) MustStartCluster(opts *ClusterOptions) *Vmcluster {
 }
 
 // MustStartVmctl is a test helper function that starts an instance of vmctl
-func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmctl(instance string, flags []string) *Vmctl {
+func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVmctl(instance string, flags []string) {
 	tc.t.Helper()
 
-	app, err := StartVmctl(instance, flags)
+	err := StartVmctl(instance, flags)
 	if err != nil {
 		tc.t.Fatalf("Could not start %s: %v", instance, err)
 	}
-	tc.addApp(instance, app)
-	return app
 }
 
 func (tc *TestCase) addApp(instance string, app Stopper) {
@@ -381,3 +409,27 @@ func (tc *TestCase) Assert(opts *AssertOptions) {
 		tc.t.Error(msg)
 	}
 }
+
+// MustStartDefaultVlsingle is a test helper function that starts an instance of
+// vlsingle with defaults suitable for most tests.
+func (tc *TestCase) MustStartDefaultVlsingle() *Vlsingle {
+	tc.t.Helper()
+
+	return tc.MustStartVlsingle("vlsingle", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vlsingle",
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+	})
+}
+
+// MustStartVlsingle is a test helper function that starts an instance of
+// vlsingle and fails the test if the app fails to start.
+func (tc *TestCase) MustStartVlsingle(instance string, flags []string) *Vlsingle {
+	tc.t.Helper()
+
+	app, err := StartVlsingle(instance, flags, tc.cli)
+	if err != nil {
+		tc.t.Fatalf("Could not start %s: %v", instance, err)
+	}
+	tc.addApp(instance, app)
+	return app
+}

apptest/tests/backup_restore_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	at "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
+)
+
+type testBackupRestoreOpts struct {
+	startSUT           func() at.PrometheusWriteQuerier
+	stopSUT            func()
+	storageDataPaths   []string
+	snapshotCreateURLs func(at.PrometheusWriteQuerier) []string
+}
+
+func TestSingleBackupRestore(t *testing.T) {
+	tc := at.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	storageDataPath := filepath.Join(tc.Dir(), "vmsingle")
+
+	opts := testBackupRestoreOpts{
+		startSUT: func() at.PrometheusWriteQuerier {
+			return tc.MustStartVmsingle("vmsingle", []string{
+				"-storageDataPath=" + storageDataPath,
+				"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+				"-search.maxStalenessInterval=1m",
+			})
+		},
+		stopSUT: func() {
+			tc.StopApp("vmsingle")
+		},
+		storageDataPaths: []string{
+			storageDataPath,
+		},
+		snapshotCreateURLs: func(sut at.PrometheusWriteQuerier) []string {
+			return []string{
+				sut.(*at.Vmsingle).SnapshotCreateURL(),
+			}
+		},
+	}
+
+	testBackupRestore(tc, opts)
+}
+
+func TestClusterBackupRestore(t *testing.T) {
+	tc := at.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	storage1DataPath := filepath.Join(tc.Dir(), "vmstorage1")
+	storage2DataPath := filepath.Join(tc.Dir(), "vmstorage2")
+
+	opts := testBackupRestoreOpts{
+		startSUT: func() at.PrometheusWriteQuerier {
+			return tc.MustStartCluster(&at.ClusterOptions{
+				Vmstorage1Instance: "vmstorage1",
+				Vmstorage1Flags: []string{
+					"-storageDataPath=" + storage1DataPath,
+					"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+				},
+				Vmstorage2Instance: "vmstorage2",
+				Vmstorage2Flags: []string{
+					"-storageDataPath=" + storage2DataPath,
+					"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+				},
+				VminsertInstance: "vminsert",
+				VminsertFlags:    []string{},
+				VmselectInstance: "vmselect",
+				VmselectFlags: []string{
+					"-search.maxStalenessInterval=1m",
+				},
+			})
+		},
+		stopSUT: func() {
+			tc.StopApp("vminsert")
+			tc.StopApp("vmselect")
+			tc.StopApp("vmstorage1")
+			tc.StopApp("vmstorage2")
+		},
+		storageDataPaths: []string{
+			storage1DataPath,
+			storage2DataPath,
+		},
+		snapshotCreateURLs: func(sut at.PrometheusWriteQuerier) []string {
+			c := sut.(*at.Vmcluster)
+			return []string{
+				c.Vmstorages[0].SnapshotCreateURL(),
+				c.Vmstorages[1].SnapshotCreateURL(),
+			}
+		},
+	}
+
+	testBackupRestore(tc, opts)
+}
+
+func testBackupRestore(tc *at.TestCase, opts testBackupRestoreOpts) {
+	t := tc.T()
+
+	const msecPerMinute = 60 * 1000
+	genData := func(count int, prefix string, start int64) (recs []string, wantSeries []map[string]string, wantQueryResults []*at.QueryResult) {
+		recs = make([]string, count)
+		wantSeries = make([]map[string]string, count)
+		wantQueryResults = make([]*at.QueryResult, count)
+		for i := range count {
+			name := fmt.Sprintf("%s_%03d", prefix, i)
+			value := float64(i)
+			timestamp := start + int64(i)*msecPerMinute
+
+			recs[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%s %f %d", name, value, timestamp)
+			wantSeries[i] = map[string]string{"__name__": name}
+			wantQueryResults[i] = &at.QueryResult{
+				Metric:  map[string]string{"__name__": name},
+				Samples: []*at.Sample{{Timestamp: timestamp, Value: value}},
+			}
+		}
+		return recs, wantSeries, wantQueryResults
+	}
+
+	backupBaseDir, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Join(tc.Dir(), "backups"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("could not get absolute path for the backup base dir")
+	}
+
+	// assertSeries retrieves set of all metric names from the storage and
+	// compares it with the expected set.
+	assertSeries := func(app at.PrometheusQuerier, query string, start, end int64, want []map[string]string) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		tc.Assert(&at.AssertOptions{
+			Msg: "unexpected /api/v1/series response",
+			Got: func() any {
+				return app.PrometheusAPIV1Series(t, query, at.QueryOpts{
+					Start: fmt.Sprintf("%d", start),
+					End:   fmt.Sprintf("%d", end),
+				}).Sort()
+			},
+			Want: &at.PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse{
+				Status: "success",
+				Data:   want,
+			},
+			FailNow: true,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// assertSeries retrieves all data from the storage and compares it with the
+	// expected result.
+	assertQueryResults := func(app at.PrometheusQuerier, query string, start, end int64, want []*at.QueryResult) {
+		t.Helper()
+		tc.Assert(&at.AssertOptions{
+			Msg: "unexpected /api/v1/query_range response",
+			Got: func() any {
+				return app.PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange(t, query, at.QueryOpts{
+					Start: fmt.Sprintf("%d", start),
+					End:   fmt.Sprintf("%d", end),
+					Step:  "60s",
+				})
+			},
+			Want: &at.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{
+				Status: "success",
+				Data: &at.QueryData{
+					ResultType: "matrix",
+					Result:     want,
+				},
+			},
+			FailNow: true,
+			Retries: 300,
+		})
+	}
+
+	createBackup := func(sut at.PrometheusWriteQuerier, name string) {
+		for i, storageDataPath := range opts.storageDataPaths {
+			replica := fmt.Sprintf("replica-%d", i)
+			instance := fmt.Sprintf("vmbackup-%s-%s", name, replica)
+			snapshotCreateURL := opts.snapshotCreateURLs(sut)[i]
+			backupPath := "fs://" + filepath.Join(backupBaseDir, name, replica)
+			tc.MustStartVmbackup(instance, storageDataPath, snapshotCreateURL, backupPath)
+		}
+	}
+
+	restoreFromBackup := func(name string) {
+		for i, storageDataPath := range opts.storageDataPaths {
+			replica := fmt.Sprintf("replica-%d", i)
+			instance := fmt.Sprintf("vmrestore-%s-%s", name, replica)
+			backupPath := "fs://" + filepath.Join(backupBaseDir, name, replica)
+			tc.MustStartVmrestore(instance, backupPath, storageDataPath)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Use the same number of metrics and time range for all the data ingestions
+	// below.
+	const numMetrics = 1000
+	// With 1000 metrics (one per minute), the time range spans 2 months.
+	end := time.Date(2025, 3, 1, 10, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC).UnixMilli()
+	start := end - numMetrics*msecPerMinute
+
+	// Verify backup/restore:
+	//
+	// - Start vmsingle with empty storage data dir.
+	// - Ingest first batch or records (batch1) and ensure they can be queried.
+	// - Create batch1 backup
+	// - Ingest second batch of records (batch2) and ensure the queries return
+	//   (batch1 + batch2) data.
+	// - Stop vmsingle
+	// - Restore batch1 from backup
+	// - Start vmsingle
+	// - Ensure that the queries return batch1 data only.
+
+	batch1Data, wantBatch1Series, wantBatch1QueryResults := genData(numMetrics, "batch1", start)
+	batch2Data, wantBatch2Series, wantBatch2QueryResults := genData(numMetrics, "batch2", start)
+	wantBatch12Series := slices.Concat(wantBatch1Series, wantBatch2Series)
+	wantBatch12QueryResults := slices.Concat(wantBatch1QueryResults, wantBatch2QueryResults)
+
+	sut := opts.startSUT()
+
+	sut.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, batch1Data, at.QueryOpts{})
+	sut.ForceFlush(t)
+	assertSeries(sut, `{__name__=~"batch1.*"}`, start, end, wantBatch1Series)
+	assertQueryResults(sut, `{__name__=~"batch1.*"}`, start, end, wantBatch1QueryResults)
+	createBackup(sut, "batch1")
+
+	sut.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, batch2Data, at.QueryOpts{})
+	sut.ForceFlush(t)
+	assertSeries(sut, `{__name__=~"batch(1|2).*"}`, start, end, wantBatch12Series)
+	assertQueryResults(sut, `{__name__=~"batch(1|2).*"}`, start, end, wantBatch12QueryResults)
+	createBackup(sut, "batch12")
+
+	opts.stopSUT()
+
+	restoreFromBackup("batch1")
+
+	sut = opts.startSUT()
+
+	assertSeries(sut, `{__name__=~"batch1.*"}`, start, end, wantBatch1Series)
+	assertQueryResults(sut, `{__name__=~"batch1.*"}`, start, end, wantBatch1QueryResults)
+}

apptest/tests/ingestprotocols_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 
 	at "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
 	pb "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/prompbmarshal"
 )
 
@@ -493,3 +494,65 @@ func TestClusterIngestionProtocols(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 }
+
+func TestVlsingleIngestionProtocols(t *testing.T) {
+	os.RemoveAll(t.Name())
+	tc := at.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+	sut := tc.MustStartDefaultVlsingle()
+	type opts struct {
+		query        string
+		wantLogLines []string
+	}
+
+	f := func(opts *opts) {
+		t.Helper()
+		sut.ForceFlush(t)
+		got := sut.LogsQLQuery(t, opts.query, at.QueryOptsLogs{})
+		assertLogsQLResponseEqual(t, got, &at.LogsQLQueryResponse{LogLines: opts.wantLogLines})
+	}
+	// json line ingest
+	sut.JSONLineWrite(t, []string{
+		`{"_msg":"ingest jsonline","_time": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "foo":"bar"}`,
+		`{"_msg":"ingest jsonline","_time": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "bar":"foo"}`,
+	}, at.QueryOptsLogs{})
+	f(&opts{
+		query: "ingest jsonline",
+		wantLogLines: []string{
+			`{"_msg":"ingest jsonline","_stream":"{}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","bar":"foo"}`,
+			`{"_msg":"ingest jsonline","_stream":"{}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","foo":"bar"}`,
+		},
+	})
+	// native format ingest
+	sut.NativeWrite(t, []logstorage.InsertRow{
+		{
+			StreamTagsCanonical: canonicalStreamTagsFromSet(map[string]string{"foo": "bar"}),
+			Timestamp:           1749141697409000000, // 2025-06-05T:18:41:37.000000Z
+			Fields: []logstorage.Field{
+				{
+					Name:  "_msg",
+					Value: "ingest native",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "qwe",
+					Value: "rty",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}, at.QueryOpts{})
+	f(&opts{
+		query: "ingest native",
+		wantLogLines: []string{
+			`{"_msg":"ingest native","_time":"2025-06-05T16:41:37.409Z", "_stream":"{foo=\"bar\"}", "qwe": "rty"}`,
+		},
+	})
+
+}
+
+func canonicalStreamTagsFromSet(set map[string]string) string {
+	var st logstorage.StreamTags
+	for key, value := range set {
+		st.Add(key, value)
+	}
+	return string(st.MarshalCanonical(nil))
+}

apptest/tests/key_concepts_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package tests
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
@@ -367,3 +371,131 @@ func testMillisecondPrecisionInInstantQueries(tc *at.TestCase, sut at.Prometheus
 		wantSample: &at.Sample{Timestamp: 1642801537346, Value: 2},
 	})
 }
+
+// TestVlsingleKeyConcepts verifies cases from https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/keyconcepts/#data-model
+// for vl-single.
+func TestVlsingleKeyConcepts(t *testing.T) {
+	os.RemoveAll(t.Name())
+	tc := at.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+	sut := tc.MustStartDefaultVlsingle()
+
+	type opts struct {
+		ingestRecords   []string
+		ingestQueryArgs at.QueryOptsLogs
+		wantResponse    *at.LogsQLQueryResponse
+		query           string
+		selectQueryArgs at.QueryOptsLogs
+	}
+
+	f := func(opts *opts) {
+		t.Helper()
+		sut.JSONLineWrite(t, opts.ingestRecords, opts.ingestQueryArgs)
+		sut.ForceFlush(t)
+		got := sut.LogsQLQuery(t, opts.query, opts.selectQueryArgs)
+		assertLogsQLResponseEqual(t, got, opts.wantResponse)
+	}
+
+	// nested objects flatten
+	f(&opts{
+		ingestRecords: []string{
+			`{"_msg":"case 1","_time": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "host": {"name": "foobar","os": {"version": "1.2.3"}}}`,
+			`{"_msg":"case 1","_time": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "tags": ["foo", "bar"], "offset": 12345, "is_error": false}`,
+		},
+		wantResponse: &at.LogsQLQueryResponse{
+			LogLines: []string{
+				`{"_msg":"case 1","_stream":"{}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","host.name":"foobar","host.os.version":"1.2.3"}`,
+				`{"_msg":"case 1","_stream":"{}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","is_error":"false","offset":"12345","tags":"[\"foo\",\"bar\"]"}`,
+			},
+		},
+		query: "case 1",
+	})
+
+	// obtain _msg value from non-default field
+	f(&opts{
+		ingestRecords: []string{
+			`{"my_msg":"case 2","_time": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "foo":"bar"}`,
+			`{"my_msg_other":"case 2","_time": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "bar":"foo"}`,
+		},
+		ingestQueryArgs: at.QueryOptsLogs{
+			MessageField: "my_msg,my_msg_other",
+		},
+		query: "case 2",
+		wantResponse: &at.LogsQLQueryResponse{
+			LogLines: []string{
+				`{"_msg":"case 2","_stream":"{}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","foo":"bar"}`,
+				`{"_msg":"case 2","_stream":"{}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","bar":"foo"}`,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	// populate stream fields
+	f(&opts{
+		ingestRecords: []string{
+			`{"my_msg":"case 3","_time": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "foo":"bar"}`,
+			`{"my_msg":"case 3","_time": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "bar":"foo"}`,
+			`{"my_msg":"case 3","_time": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "bar":"foo","foo":"bar","baz":"bar"}`,
+		},
+		ingestQueryArgs: at.QueryOptsLogs{
+			MessageField: "my_msg",
+			StreamFields: "foo,bar,baz",
+		},
+		wantResponse: &at.LogsQLQueryResponse{
+			LogLines: []string{
+				`{"_msg":"case 3","_stream":"{foo=\"bar\"}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","foo":"bar"}`,
+				`{"_msg":"case 3","_stream":"{bar=\"foo\"}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","bar":"foo"}`,
+				`{"_msg":"case 3","_stream":"{bar=\"foo\",baz=\"bar\",foo=\"bar\"}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","bar":"foo","foo":"bar","baz":"bar"}`,
+			},
+		},
+		query: "case 3",
+	})
+
+	// obtain _time value from non-default field
+	f(&opts{
+		ingestRecords: []string{
+			`{"_msg":"case 4","my_time_field": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "foo":"bar"}`,
+			`{"_msg":"case 4","my_other_time_field": "2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z", "bar":"foo"}`,
+		},
+		ingestQueryArgs: at.QueryOptsLogs{
+			TimeField: "my_time_field,my_other_time_field",
+		},
+		wantResponse: &at.LogsQLQueryResponse{
+			LogLines: []string{
+				`{"_msg":"case 4","_stream":"{}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","foo":"bar"}`,
+				`{"_msg":"case 4","_stream":"{}","_time":"2025-06-05T14:30:19.088007Z","bar":"foo"}`,
+			},
+		},
+		query: "case 4",
+	})
+
+}
+
+func assertLogsQLResponseEqual(t *testing.T, got, want *at.LogsQLQueryResponse) {
+	t.Helper()
+	sort.Strings(got.LogLines)
+	sort.Strings(want.LogLines)
+	if len(got.LogLines) != len(want.LogLines) {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected response len: -%d: +%d\n%s", len(want.LogLines), len(got.LogLines), strings.Join(got.LogLines, "\n"))
+		return
+	}
+	for i := range len(want.LogLines) {
+		gotLine, wantLine := got.LogLines[i], want.LogLines[i]
+		var gotLineJSON map[string]any
+		var wantLineJSON map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(gotLine), &gotLineJSON); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("cannot parse got line=%q: %s", gotLine, err)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(wantLine), &wantLineJSON); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("cannot parse want line=%q: %s", wantLine, err)
+			return
+		}
+		// stream_id is always unique, remove it from comparison
+		delete(gotLineJSON, "_stream_id")
+		delete(wantLineJSON, "_stream_id")
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(gotLineJSON, wantLineJSON); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected response (-want, +got):\n%s\n%s\n%s", diff, wantLine, gotLine)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}

apptest/tests/prometheus_mock_storage.go

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/prompb"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/remote"
+)
+
+// PrometheusMockStorage is a mock implementation of the Prometheus remote read storage interface.
+type PrometheusMockStorage struct {
+	query *prompb.Query
+	store []*prompb.TimeSeries
+	b     labels.ScratchBuilder
+}
+
+// NewPrometheusMockStorage creates a new PrometheusMockStorage with the provided series.
+func NewPrometheusMockStorage(series []*prompb.TimeSeries) *PrometheusMockStorage {
+	return &PrometheusMockStorage{store: series}
+}
+
+// Read implements the storage.Storage interface for reading time series data.
+func (ms *PrometheusMockStorage) Read(_ context.Context, query *prompb.Query, sortSeries bool) (storage.SeriesSet, error) {
+	if ms.query != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected only one call to remote client got: %v", query)
+	}
+	ms.query = query
+
+	matchers, err := remote.FromLabelMatchers(query.Matchers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	q := &prompb.QueryResult{}
+	for _, s := range ms.store {
+		l := s.ToLabels(&ms.b, nil)
+		var notMatch bool
+
+		for _, m := range matchers {
+			if v := l.Get(m.Name); v != "" {
+				if !m.Matches(v) {
+					notMatch = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if !notMatch {
+			q.Timeseries = append(q.Timeseries, &prompb.TimeSeries{Labels: s.Labels, Samples: s.Samples})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return remote.FromQueryResult(sortSeries, q), nil
+}
+
+// Reset resets the PrometheusMockStorage, clearing any stored query and series.
+func (ms *PrometheusMockStorage) Reset() {
+	ms.query = nil
+}

apptest/tests/remote_read_server.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package remote_read_integration
+package tests
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -12,32 +12,29 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
 	"github.com/golang/snappy"
-	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/prompb"
-	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/remote"
-	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunks"
-	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/annotations"
 )
 
 const (
 	maxBytesInFrame = 1024 * 1024
 )
 
+// RemoteReadServer is a mock server that implements the Prometheus remote read protocol.
 type RemoteReadServer struct {
 	server  *httptest.Server
-	series  []*prompb.TimeSeries
-	storage *MockStorage
+	storage *PrometheusMockStorage
 }
 
 // NewRemoteReadServer creates a remote read server. It exposes a single endpoint and responds with the
 // passed series based on the request to the read endpoint. It returns a server which should be closed after
 // being used.
-func NewRemoteReadServer(t *testing.T) *RemoteReadServer {
+func NewRemoteReadServer(t *testing.T, series []*prompb.TimeSeries) *RemoteReadServer {
+	mockStorage := NewPrometheusMockStorage(series)
 	rrs := &RemoteReadServer{
-		series: make([]*prompb.TimeSeries, 0),
+		storage: mockStorage,
 	}
 	rrs.server = httptest.NewServer(rrs.getReadHandler(t))
 	return rrs
@@ -48,14 +45,11 @@ func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) Close() {
 	rrs.server.Close()
 }
 
-func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) URL() string {
+// HTTPAddr returns the HTTP address of the server.
+func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) HTTPAddr() string {
 	return rrs.server.URL
 }
 
-func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) SetRemoteReadSeries(series []*prompb.TimeSeries) {
-	rrs.series = append(rrs.series, series...)
-}
-
 func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) getReadHandler(t *testing.T) http.Handler {
 	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		if !validateReadHeaders(t, r) {
@@ -84,8 +78,8 @@ func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) getReadHandler(t *testing.T) http.Handler {
 		for i, r := range req.Queries {
 			startTs := r.StartTimestampMs
 			endTs := r.EndTimestampMs
-			ts := make([]*prompb.TimeSeries, len(rrs.series))
-			for i, s := range rrs.series {
+			ts := make([]*prompb.TimeSeries, len(rrs.storage.store))
+			for i, s := range rrs.storage.store {
 				var samples []prompb.Sample
 				for _, sample := range s.Samples {
 					if sample.Timestamp >= startTs && sample.Timestamp < endTs {
@@ -119,18 +113,18 @@ func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) getReadHandler(t *testing.T) http.Handler {
 	})
 }
 
-func NewRemoteReadStreamServer(t *testing.T) *RemoteReadServer {
+// NewRemoteReadStreamServer creates a remote read server that supports streaming responses.
+// passed series based on the request to the read endpoint. It returns a server which should be closed after
+// being used.
+func NewRemoteReadStreamServer(t *testing.T, series []*prompb.TimeSeries) *RemoteReadServer {
+	mockStorage := NewPrometheusMockStorage(series)
 	rrs := &RemoteReadServer{
-		series: make([]*prompb.TimeSeries, 0),
+		storage: mockStorage,
 	}
 	rrs.server = httptest.NewServer(rrs.getStreamReadHandler(t))
 	return rrs
 }
 
-func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) InitMockStorage(series []*prompb.TimeSeries) {
-	rrs.storage = NewMockStorage(series)
-}
-
 func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) getStreamReadHandler(t *testing.T) http.Handler {
 	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		if !validateStreamReadHeaders(t, r) {
@@ -180,10 +174,10 @@ func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) getStreamReadHandler(t *testing.T) http.Handler {
 			for ss.Next() {
 				series := ss.At()
 				iter = series.Iterator(iter)
-				labels := remote.MergeLabels(labelsToLabelsProto(series.Labels()), nil)
+				lbls := remote.MergeLabels(labelsToLabelsProto(series.Labels()), nil)
 
 				frameBytesLeft := maxBytesInFrame
-				for _, lb := range labels {
+				for _, lb := range lbls {
 					frameBytesLeft -= lb.Size()
 				}
 
@@ -213,7 +207,7 @@ func (rrs *RemoteReadServer) getStreamReadHandler(t *testing.T) http.Handler {
 
 					resp := &prompb.ChunkedReadResponse{
 						ChunkedSeries: []*prompb.ChunkedSeries{
-							{Labels: labels, Chunks: chks},
+							{Labels: lbls, Chunks: chks},
 						},
 						QueryIndex: int64(idx),
 					}
@@ -280,6 +274,7 @@ func validateStreamReadHeaders(t *testing.T, r *http.Request) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+// GenerateRemoteReadSeries generates a set of remote read series with the given parameters.
 func GenerateRemoteReadSeries(start, end, numOfSeries, numOfSamples int64) []*prompb.TimeSeries {
 	var ts []*prompb.TimeSeries
 	j := 0
@@ -322,141 +317,6 @@ func generateRemoteReadSamples(idx int, startTime, endTime, numOfSamples int64)
 	return samples
 }
 
-type MockStorage struct {
-	query *prompb.Query
-	store []*prompb.TimeSeries
-}
-
-func NewMockStorage(series []*prompb.TimeSeries) *MockStorage {
-	return &MockStorage{store: series}
-}
-
-func (ms *MockStorage) Read(_ context.Context, query *prompb.Query, sortSeries bool) (storage.SeriesSet, error) {
-	if sortSeries {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected sortSeries=true")
-	}
-	if ms.query != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected only one call to remote client got: %v", query)
-	}
-	ms.query = query
-
-	tss := make([]*prompb.TimeSeries, 0, len(ms.store))
-	for _, s := range ms.store {
-		var samples []prompb.Sample
-		for _, sample := range s.Samples {
-			if sample.Timestamp >= query.StartTimestampMs && sample.Timestamp < query.EndTimestampMs {
-				samples = append(samples, sample)
-			}
-		}
-		var series prompb.TimeSeries
-		if len(samples) > 0 {
-			series.Labels = s.Labels
-			series.Samples = samples
-		}
-
-		tss = append(tss, &series)
-	}
-	return &mockSeriesSet{
-		tss: tss,
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func (ms *MockStorage) Reset() {
-	ms.query = nil
-}
-
-type mockSeriesSet struct {
-	tss  []*prompb.TimeSeries
-	next int
-}
-
-func (ss *mockSeriesSet) Next() bool {
-	if ss.next >= len(ss.tss) {
-		return false
-	}
-	ss.next++
-	return true
-}
-
-func (ss *mockSeriesSet) At() storage.Series {
-	return &mockSeries{
-		s: ss.tss[ss.next-1],
-	}
-}
-
-func (ss *mockSeriesSet) Err() error {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (ss *mockSeriesSet) Warnings() annotations.Annotations {
-	return nil
-}
-
-type mockSeries struct {
-	s *prompb.TimeSeries
-}
-
-func (s *mockSeries) Labels() labels.Labels {
-	a := make(labels.Labels, len(s.s.Labels))
-	for i, label := range s.s.Labels {
-		a[i] = labels.Label{
-			Name:  label.Name,
-			Value: label.Value,
-		}
-	}
-	return a
-}
-
-func (s *mockSeries) Iterator(chunkenc.Iterator) chunkenc.Iterator {
-	return &mockSamplesIterator{
-		samples: s.s.Samples,
-	}
-}
-
-type mockSamplesIterator struct {
-	samples []prompb.Sample
-	next    int
-}
-
-func (si *mockSamplesIterator) Next() chunkenc.ValueType {
-	if si.next >= len(si.samples) {
-		return chunkenc.ValNone
-	}
-	si.next++
-	return chunkenc.ValFloat
-}
-
-func (si *mockSamplesIterator) Seek(t int64) chunkenc.ValueType {
-	for i := range si.samples {
-		if si.samples[i].Timestamp >= t {
-			si.next = i + 1
-			return chunkenc.ValFloat
-		}
-	}
-	return chunkenc.ValNone
-}
-
-func (si *mockSamplesIterator) At() (int64, float64) {
-	s := si.samples[si.next-1]
-	return s.Timestamp, s.Value
-}
-
-func (si *mockSamplesIterator) AtHistogram(*histogram.Histogram) (int64, *histogram.Histogram) {
-	panic("BUG: mustn't be called")
-}
-
-func (si *mockSamplesIterator) AtFloatHistogram(*histogram.FloatHistogram) (int64, *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
-	panic("BUG: mustn't be called")
-}
-
-func (si *mockSamplesIterator) AtT() int64 {
-	return si.samples[si.next-1].Timestamp
-}
-
-func (si *mockSamplesIterator) Err() error {
-	return nil
-}
-
 func labelsToLabelsProto(labels labels.Labels) []prompb.Label {
 	result := make([]prompb.Label, 0, len(labels))
 	for _, l := range labels {

apptest/tests/rollup_result_cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
+)
+
+func TestClusterRollupResultCache(t *testing.T) {
+	os.RemoveAll(t.Name())
+
+	cmpOpt := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{}, "Status", "Data.ResultType")
+
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+	vmstorage := tc.MustStartVmstorage("vmstorage", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmstorage",
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+	})
+	vminsert := tc.MustStartVminsert("vminsert", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorage.VminsertAddr(),
+	})
+	vmselect := tc.MustStartVmselect("vmselect", []string{
+		"-storageNode=" + vmstorage.VmselectAddr(),
+		"-search.tenantCacheExpireDuration=0",
+	})
+
+	var tenantLabelsSamples = []string{
+		`foo_bar{vm_account_id="5"} 1.00 1652169720000`,                    // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z'
+		`foo_bar{vm_account_id="5",vm_project_id="15"} 3.00 1652169720000`, // 2022-05-10T08:02:00Z
+	}
+
+	vminsert.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, tenantLabelsSamples, apptest.QueryOpts{Tenant: "multitenant"})
+	vmstorage.ForceFlush(t)
+
+	want := apptest.NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t,
+		`{"data":
+	   {"result":[
+	        {"metric":{"__name__":"foo_bar","vm_account_id":"5","vm_project_id": "0"},"values":[[1652169720,"1"],[1652169780,"1"]]},
+	        {"metric":{"__name__":"foo_bar","vm_account_id":"5","vm_project_id":"15"},"values":[[1652169720,"3"],[1652169780,"3"]]}
+	               ]
+	   }
+	}`,
+	)
+
+	got := vmselect.PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange(t, `foo_bar{}`, apptest.QueryOpts{
+		Tenant:       "multitenant",
+		Start:        "2022-05-10T07:59:00.000Z",
+		End:          "2022-05-10T08:05:00.000Z",
+		Step:         "1m",
+		ExtraFilters: []string{`{vm_account_id="5",vm_project_id="15"}`, `{vm_account_id="5",vm_project_id="0"}`},
+	})
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got, cmpOpt); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected response (-want, +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+
+	want = apptest.NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t,
+		`{"data":
+	   {"result":[]}
+	}`,
+	)
+
+	got = vmselect.PrometheusAPIV1QueryRange(t, `foo_bar{}`, apptest.QueryOpts{
+		Tenant:       "multitenant",
+		Start:        "2022-05-10T07:59:00.000Z",
+		End:          "2022-05-10T08:05:00.000Z",
+		Step:         "1m",
+		ExtraFilters: []string{`{vm_account_id="99",vm_project_id="99"}`},
+	})
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got, cmpOpt); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected response (-want, +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+
+}

apptest/tests/vmagent_remotewrite_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"os"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -11,6 +12,82 @@ import (
 	at "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
 )
 
+// TestSingleVMAgentReloadConfigs verifies that vmagent reload new configurations on SIGHUP signal
+func TestSingleVMAgentReloadConfigs(t *testing.T) {
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	vmsingle := tc.MustStartDefaultVmsingle()
+
+	relabelingRules := `
+- replacement: value1
+  target_label: label1
+  `
+	relabelFilePath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", t.TempDir(), "relabel_config.yaml")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(relabelFilePath, []byte(relabelingRules), os.ModePerm); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cannot create file=%q: %s", relabelFilePath, err)
+	}
+
+	vmagent := tc.MustStartVmagent("vmagent", []string{
+		`-remoteWrite.flushInterval=50ms`,
+		`-remoteWrite.forcePromProto=true`,
+		"-remoteWrite.tmpDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmagent",
+		fmt.Sprintf(`-remoteWrite.url=http://%s/api/v1/write`, vmsingle.HTTPAddr()),
+		fmt.Sprintf(`-remoteWrite.urlRelabelConfig=%s`, relabelFilePath),
+	}, ``)
+
+	vmagent.APIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"foo_bar 1 1652169600000", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	vmsingle.ForceFlush(t)
+
+	tc.Assert(&at.AssertOptions{
+		Msg: `unexpected metrics stored on vmagent remote write`,
+		Got: func() any {
+			return vmsingle.PrometheusAPIV1Series(t, `{__name__="foo_bar"}`, at.QueryOpts{
+				Start: "2022-05-10T00:00:00Z",
+				End:   "2022-05-10T23:59:59Z",
+			}).Sort()
+		},
+		Want: &at.PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse{
+			Status: "success",
+			Data:   []map[string]string{{"__name__": "foo_bar", "label1": "value1"}},
+		},
+	})
+
+	relabelingRules = `
+- replacement: value2
+  target_label: label1
+  `
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(relabelFilePath, []byte(relabelingRules), os.ModePerm); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cannot create file=%q: %s", relabelFilePath, err)
+	}
+
+	vmagent.ReloadRelabelConfigs(t)
+
+	vmagent.APIV1ImportPrometheus(t, []string{
+		"bar_foo 1 1652169600001", // 2022-05-10T08:00:00Z
+	}, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+
+	vmsingle.ForceFlush(t)
+
+	tc.Assert(&at.AssertOptions{
+		Msg: `unexpected metrics stored on vmagent remote write`,
+		Got: func() any {
+			return vmsingle.PrometheusAPIV1Series(t, `{__name__="bar_foo"}`, at.QueryOpts{
+				Start: "2022-05-10T00:00:00Z",
+				End:   "2022-05-10T23:59:59Z",
+			}).Sort()
+		},
+		Want: &at.PrometheusAPIV1SeriesResponse{
+			Status: "success",
+			Data:   []map[string]string{{"__name__": "bar_foo", "label1": "value2"}},
+		},
+	})
+}
+
 // TestSingleVMAgentZstdRemoteWrite verifies that vmagent can successfully perform
 // a remote write to vmsingle using VM protocol (zstd).
 func TestSingleVMAgentZstdRemoteWrite(t *testing.T) {

apptest/tests/vmctl_native_migration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
+)
+
+func TestSingleToSingleVmctlNativeProtocol(t *testing.T) {
+	os.RemoveAll(t.Name())
+
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	vmsingleSrc := tc.MustStartVmsingle("vmsingle_src", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmsingle_src",
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+	})
+	// we need a separate vmsingle for the destination to avoid conflicts
+	vmsingleDst := tc.MustStartVmsingle("vmsingle_dst", []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + tc.Dir() + "/vmsingle_dst",
+		"-retentionPeriod=100y",
+	})
+
+	vmSrcAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", vmsingleSrc.HTTPAddr())
+	vmDstAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", vmsingleDst.HTTPAddr())
+
+	flags := []string{
+		`vm-native`,
+		`--vm-native-src-addr=` + vmSrcAddr,
+		`--vm-native-dst-addr=` + vmDstAddr,
+		`--vm-native-filter-match={__name__=~".*"}`,
+		`--vm-native-filter-time-start=2025-05-30T16:39:00Z`,
+		`--disable-progress-bar=true`,
+	}
+
+	testVmctlNativeProtocol(tc, vmsingleSrc, vmsingleDst, flags)
+}
+
+func TestClusterTenantsToTenantsVmctlNativeProtocol(t *testing.T) {
+	os.RemoveAll(t.Name())
+
+	tc := apptest.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	clusterSrc := tc.MustStartCluster(&apptest.ClusterOptions{
+		Vmstorage1Instance: "vmstorageSrc1",
+		Vmstorage2Instance: "vmstorageSrc2",
+		VminsertInstance:   "vminsertSrc",
+		VmselectInstance:   "vmselectSrc",
+	})
+	clusterDst := tc.MustStartCluster(&apptest.ClusterOptions{
+		Vmstorage1Instance: "vmstorageDst1",
+		Vmstorage2Instance: "vmstorageDst2",
+		VminsertInstance:   "vminsertDst",
+		VmselectInstance:   "vmselectDst",
+	})
+
+	vmSrcAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", clusterSrc.Vmselect.HTTPAddr())
+	vmDstAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", clusterDst.Vminsert.HTTPAddr())
+
+	flags := []string{
+		`vm-native`,
+		`--vm-native-src-addr=` + vmSrcAddr,
+		`--vm-native-dst-addr=` + vmDstAddr,
+		`--vm-native-filter-match={__name__=~".*"}`,
+		`--vm-native-filter-time-start=2025-05-30T16:39:00Z`,
+		`--disable-progress-bar=true`,
+		`--vm-intercluster`,
+	}
+
+	testVmctlNativeProtocol(tc, clusterSrc, clusterDst, flags)
+}
+
+func testVmctlNativeProtocol(tc *apptest.TestCase, srcSut apptest.PrometheusWriteQuerier, dstSut apptest.PrometheusWriteQuerier, vmctlFlags []string) {
+	t := tc.T()
+	t.Helper()
+
+	cmpOpt := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{}, "Status", "Data.ResultType")
+
+	// test for empty data request in the source
+	got := srcSut.PrometheusAPIV1Query(t, `{__name__=~".*"}`, apptest.QueryOpts{
+		Step: "5m",
+		Time: "2025-05-30T12:45:00Z",
+	})
+
+	want := apptest.NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t, `{"data":{"result":[]}}`)
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got, cmpOpt); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected response (-want, +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+
+	// Prepare the source vmsingle with some data
+	// Insert some data.
+	const numSamples = 1000
+	const ingestTimestamp = " 1748623176000" // 2025-05-30T16:39:36Z
+
+	expectedQueryData := apptest.QueryData{
+		ResultType: "matrix",
+		Result:     make([]*apptest.QueryResult, 0, numSamples),
+	}
+	dataSet := make([]string, numSamples)
+	for i := range numSamples {
+		metricsName := fmt.Sprintf("metric_%03d", i)
+		metrics := map[string]string{"__name__": metricsName}
+		sample := &apptest.Sample{Value: float64(i), Timestamp: 1748623176000}
+		expectedQueryData.Result = append(expectedQueryData.Result, &apptest.QueryResult{
+			Metric:  metrics,
+			Samples: []*apptest.Sample{sample},
+		})
+
+		dataSet[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%s %d %s", metricsName, i, ingestTimestamp)
+	}
+
+	wantResponse := apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{
+		Status: "success",
+		Data:   &expectedQueryData,
+	}
+
+	wantResponse.Sort()
+
+	srcSut.PrometheusAPIV1ImportPrometheus(t, dataSet, apptest.QueryOpts{})
+	srcSut.ForceFlush(t)
+
+	tc.MustStartVmctl("vmctl", vmctlFlags)
+
+	dstSut.ForceFlush(t)
+
+	tc.Assert(&apptest.AssertOptions{
+		Retries: 300,
+		Msg:     `unexpected metrics stored on vmsingle via the native protocol`,
+		Got: func() any {
+			exported := dstSut.PrometheusAPIV1Export(t, `{__name__=~".*"}`, apptest.QueryOpts{
+				Start: "2025-05-30T16:39:36Z",
+				End:   "2025-05-30T16:39:37Z",
+			})
+			exported.Sort()
+			return exported.Data.Result
+		},
+		Want: wantResponse.Data.Result,
+		CmpOpts: []cmp.Option{
+			cmpopts.IgnoreFields(apptest.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{}, "Status", "Data.ResultType"),
+		},
+	})
+}

apptest/tests/vmctl_prometheus_migration_test.go

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func testPrometheusProtocol(tc *apptest.TestCase, sut apptest.PrometheusWriteQue
 		t.Errorf("unexpected response (-want, +got):\n%s", diff)
 	}
 
-	_ = tc.MustStartVmctl("vmctl", vmctlFlags)
+	tc.MustStartVmctl("vmctl", vmctlFlags)
 
 	sut.ForceFlush(t)
 

apptest/tests/vmctl_remote_read_mogration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/prompb"
+
+	at "github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/apptest"
+)
+
+func TestSingleVmctlRemoteReadProtocol(t *testing.T) {
+	os.RemoveAll(t.Name())
+
+	tc := at.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	vmsingleDst := tc.MustStartDefaultVmsingle()
+	vmAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", vmsingleDst.HTTPAddr())
+	vmctlFlags := []string{
+		`remote-read`,
+		`--remote-read-filter-time-start=2025-06-11T15:31:10Z`,
+		`--remote-read-filter-time-end=2025-06-11T15:31:20Z`,
+		`--remote-read-step-interval=minute`,
+		`--vm-addr=` + vmAddr,
+		`--disable-progress-bar=true`,
+	}
+
+	testRemoteReadProtocol(tc, vmsingleDst, newRemoteReadServer, vmctlFlags)
+}
+
+func TestSingleVmctlRemoteReadStreamProtocol(t *testing.T) {
+	os.RemoveAll(t.Name())
+
+	tc := at.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	vmsingleDst := tc.MustStartDefaultVmsingle()
+	vmAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", vmsingleDst.HTTPAddr())
+	vmctlFlags := []string{
+		`remote-read`,
+		`--remote-read-filter-time-start=2025-06-11T15:31:10Z`,
+		`--remote-read-filter-time-end=2025-06-11T15:31:20Z`,
+		`--remote-read-step-interval=minute`,
+		`--vm-addr=` + vmAddr,
+		`--remote-read-use-stream=true`,
+		`--disable-progress-bar=true`,
+	}
+
+	testRemoteReadProtocol(tc, vmsingleDst, newRemoteReadStreamServer, vmctlFlags)
+}
+
+func TestClusterVmctlRemoteReadProtocol(t *testing.T) {
+	os.RemoveAll(t.Name())
+
+	tc := at.NewTestCase(t)
+	defer tc.Stop()
+
+	clusterDst := tc.MustStartDefaultCluster()
+
+	vmAddr := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/", clusterDst.Vminsert.HTTPAddr())
+	vmctlFlags := []string{
+		`remote-read`,
+		`--remote-read-filter-time-start=2025-06-11T15:31:10Z`,
+		`--remote-read-filter-time-end=2025-06-11T15:31:20Z`,
+		`--remote-read-step-interval=minute`,
+		`--vm-addr=` + vmAddr,
+		`--vm-account-id=0`,
+		`--disable-progress-bar=true`,
+	}
+
+	testRemoteReadProtocol(tc, clusterDst, newRemoteReadServer, vmctlFlags)
+}
+
+func testRemoteReadProtocol(tc *at.TestCase, sut at.PrometheusWriteQuerier, newRemoteReadServer func(t *testing.T) *RemoteReadServer, vmctlFlags []string) {
+	t := tc.T()
+	t.Helper()
+
+	rrs := newRemoteReadServer(t)
+	defer rrs.Close()
+
+	expectedResult := transformSeriesToQueryResult(rrs.storage.store)
+
+	cmpOpt := cmpopts.IgnoreFields(at.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{}, "Status", "Data.ResultType")
+	// test for empty data request
+	got := sut.PrometheusAPIV1Query(t, `{__name__=~".*"}`, at.QueryOpts{
+		Step: "5m",
+		Time: "2025-06-02T17:14:00Z",
+	})
+
+	want := at.NewPrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse(t, `{"data":{"result":[]}}`)
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got, cmpOpt); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected response (-want, +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+
+	vmctlFlags = append(vmctlFlags, `--remote-read-src-addr=`+rrs.HTTPAddr())
+	tc.MustStartVmctl("vmctl", vmctlFlags)
+
+	sut.ForceFlush(t)
+
+	tc.Assert(&at.AssertOptions{
+		// For cluster version, we need to wait longer for the metrics to be stored
+		Retries: 300,
+		Msg:     `unexpected metrics stored on vmsingle via the prometheus protocol`,
+		Got: func() any {
+			expected := sut.PrometheusAPIV1Export(t, `{__name__=~".*"}`, at.QueryOpts{
+				Start: "2025-06-11T15:31:10Z",
+				End:   "2025-06-11T15:32:20Z",
+			})
+			expected.Sort()
+			return expected.Data.Result
+		},
+		Want: expectedResult,
+		CmpOpts: []cmp.Option{
+			cmpopts.IgnoreFields(at.PrometheusAPIV1QueryResponse{}, "Status", "Data.ResultType"),
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+func newRemoteReadServer(t *testing.T) *RemoteReadServer {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	series := GenerateRemoteReadSeries(1749655870, 1749655880, 10, 10)
+
+	rrServer := NewRemoteReadServer(t, series)
+
+	return rrServer
+}
+
+func newRemoteReadStreamServer(t *testing.T) *RemoteReadServer {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	series := GenerateRemoteReadSeries(1749655870, 1749655880, 10, 10)
+
+	rrServer := NewRemoteReadStreamServer(t, series)
+
+	return rrServer
+}
+
+func transformSeriesToQueryResult(series []*prompb.TimeSeries) []*at.QueryResult {
+	result := make([]*at.QueryResult, len(series))
+	for i, s := range series {
+		metric := make(map[string]string, len(s.Labels))
+		for _, label := range s.Labels {
+			metric[label.Name] = label.Value
+		}
+		samples := make([]*at.Sample, len(s.Samples))
+		for j, sample := range s.Samples {
+			samples[j] = &at.Sample{Timestamp: sample.Timestamp, Value: sample.Value}
+		}
+		result[i] = &at.QueryResult{Metric: metric, Samples: samples}
+	}
+	return result
+}

apptest/vlsingle.go

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package apptest
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/lib/logstorage"
+)
+
+// Vlsingle holds the state of a vlsingle app and provides vlsingle-specific
+// functions.
+type Vlsingle struct {
+	*app
+	*ServesMetrics
+
+	storageDataPath string
+	httpListenAddr  string
+
+	forceFlushURL string
+}
+
+// StartVlsingle starts an instance of vlsingle with the given flags. It also
+// sets the default flags and populates the app instance state with runtime
+// values extracted from the application log (such as httpListenAddr).
+func StartVlsingle(instance string, flags []string, cli *Client) (*Vlsingle, error) {
+	app, stderrExtracts, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/victoria-logs", flags, &appOptions{
+		defaultFlags: map[string]string{
+			"-storageDataPath": fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s-%d", os.TempDir(), instance, time.Now().UnixNano()),
+			"-httpListenAddr":  "127.0.0.1:0",
+		},
+		extractREs: []*regexp.Regexp{
+			logsStorageDataPathRE,
+			httpListenAddrRE,
+		},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &Vlsingle{
+		app: app,
+		ServesMetrics: &ServesMetrics{
+			metricsURL: fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/metrics", stderrExtracts[1]),
+			cli:        cli,
+		},
+		storageDataPath: stderrExtracts[0],
+		httpListenAddr:  stderrExtracts[1],
+
+		forceFlushURL: fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/internal/force_flush", stderrExtracts[1]),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// ForceFlush is a test helper function that forces the flushing of inserted
+// data, so it becomes available for searching immediately.
+func (app *Vlsingle) ForceFlush(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	_, statusCode := app.cli.Get(t, app.forceFlushURL)
+	if statusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected status code: got %d, want %d", statusCode, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+}
+
+// JSONLineWrite is a test helper function that inserts a
+// collection of records in json line format by sending a HTTP
+// POST request to /insert/jsonline vlsingle endpoint.
+//
+// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/data-ingestion/#json-stream-api
+func (app *Vlsingle) JSONLineWrite(t *testing.T, records []string, opts QueryOptsLogs) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	data := []byte(strings.Join(records, "\n"))
+
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/insert/jsonline", app.httpListenAddr)
+	uv := opts.asURLValues()
+	uvs := uv.Encode()
+	if len(uvs) > 0 {
+		url += "?" + uvs
+	}
+
+	_, statusCode := app.cli.Post(t, url, "text/plain", data)
+	if statusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected status code: got %d, want %d", statusCode, http.StatusOK)
+	}
+}
+
+// NativeWrite is a test helper function that sends a collection of records
+// to /internal/insert API.
+//
+// See https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics/blob/master/app/vlinsert/internalinsert/internalinsert.go
+func (app *Vlsingle) NativeWrite(t *testing.T, records []logstorage.InsertRow, opts QueryOpts) {
+	t.Helper()
+	var data []byte
+	for _, record := range records {
+		data = record.Marshal(data)
+	}
+	dstURL := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/internal/insert", app.httpListenAddr)
+	uv := opts.asURLValues()
+	uv.Add("version", "v1")
+	dstURL += "?" + uv.Encode()
+
+	app.cli.Post(t, dstURL, "application/octet-stream", data)
+}
+
+// LogsQLQuery is a test helper function that performs
+// PromQL/MetricsQL range query by sending a HTTP POST request to
+// /select/logsql/query endpoint.
+//
+// See https://docs.victoriametrics.com/victorialogs/querying/#querying-logs
+func (app *Vlsingle) LogsQLQuery(t *testing.T, query string, opts QueryOptsLogs) *LogsQLQueryResponse {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	values := opts.asURLValues()
+	values.Add("query", query)
+
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/select/logsql/query", app.httpListenAddr)
+	res, _ := app.cli.PostForm(t, url, values)
+	return NewLogsQLQueryResponse(t, res)
+}
+
+// HTTPAddr returns the address at which the vmstorage process is listening
+// for http connections.
+func (app *Vlsingle) HTTPAddr() string {
+	return app.httpListenAddr
+}
+
+// String returns the string representation of the vlsingle app state.
+func (app *Vlsingle) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("{app: %s storageDataPath: %q httpListenAddr: %q}", []any{
+		app.app, app.storageDataPath, app.httpListenAddr}...)
+}

apptest/vmagent.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
+	"syscall"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -101,6 +102,30 @@ func (app *Vmagent) RemoteWritePacketsDroppedTotal(t *testing.T) int {
 	return int(total)
 }
 
+// ReloadRelabelConfigs sends SIGHUP to trigger relabel config reload
+// and waits until vmagent_relabel_config_reloads_total increases.
+// Fails the test if no reload is detected within 3 seconds.
+func (app *Vmagent) ReloadRelabelConfigs(t *testing.T) {
+	prevTotal := app.GetMetric(t, "vmagent_relabel_config_reloads_total")
+
+	if err := app.process.Signal(syscall.SIGHUP); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("could not send SIGHUP signal to %s process: %v", app.instance, err)
+	}
+
+	var currTotal float64
+	for i := 0; i < 30; i++ {
+		currTotal = app.GetMetric(t, "vmagent_relabel_config_reloads_total")
+		if currTotal > prevTotal {
+			return
+		}
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+
+	if currTotal <= prevTotal {
+		t.Fatalf("relabel configs were not reloaded after SIGHUP signal; previous total: %f, current total: %f", prevTotal, currTotal)
+	}
+}
+
 // sendBlocking sends the data to vmstorage by executing `send` function and
 // waits until the data is actually sent.
 //

apptest/vmbackup.go

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package apptest
+
+// StartVmbackup starts an instance of vmbackup with the given flags and waits
+// until it exits.
+func StartVmbackup(instance, storageDataPath, snapshotCreateURL, dst string) error {
+	flags := []string{
+		"-storageDataPath=" + storageDataPath,
+		"-snapshot.createURL=" + snapshotCreateURL,
+		"-dst=" + dst,
+	}
+	_, _, err := startApp(instance, "../../bin/vmbackup", flags, &appOptions{wait: true})
+	return err
+}